A gold reserve is the gold held by a central bank or nation intended as a store of value and as a guarantee to redeem promises to pay depositors, note holders (e.g., paper money), or trading peers, or to secure a currency. Today, gold reserves are almost exclusively, albeit rarely, used in the settlement of international transactions

The Chinese, Indian and Russian and other central banks are buying gold. The Indian Government recently bought 200 tonnes from the IMF to support international commitments. This new trend for buying gold by the Asian, Brazilian and Middle Eastern central banks (who still have very little gold compared to their reserves in dollars) is a supporting factor for gold prices.  As for Occidental central banks, they are less and less inclined to get rid of a metal which could become part of a new world reserve currency as desired by Russia and China.

The table below shows the proportion of gold in the foreign exchange reserves of central banks and not the gold reserves ratio of the currency.  As the FED has very little foreign currency in its reserves, its gold stock seems considerable, but this stock of gold is only 1.6% of  the quantity of dollars in the money supply.

National Reserves December 2009

Potential candidates for large gold purchases over the next few years are in the order they appear on the list: Japan, China, Russia, India  and Taiwan.

Astonishingly, in March, a European bank signed agreements with Washington II (with a sales quota of 500t per year) to buy gold! This is astonishing because since the beginning of the 1980’s, central European banks have not stopped liquidating their gold stocks which has had a heavy impact on the price of gold which dropped from $850 in 1980 to $256 in 2001.  Between 1999 and 2002 Gordon Brown then, Chancellor of the Exchequer, sold off 395 tonnes, 60% of the UK’s gold reserves, at rock bottom prices averaging $280 per ounce, about a quarter of its current value.

As for the USA, their gold reserves have remained virtually unchanged since 1980 and today are 8133 tonnes.  But doubts remain about the proportion of physical gold that would be available to control gold prices, as the gold may not longer physically exist in the reserves but is in paper form.

A year ago, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced that it would sell  off 403t from the 3217t that it had held for several years  in its reserves.  During the G20, the gold market was nervous due to speculation about possible additional sales by the IMF.  The IMF had simply stated that it would allocate the sale of these 403t of gold to help poor countries.  Subsequently the IMF sold 200 tonnes to India , 10 tonnes to Sri lank and 2 tonnes to Mauritius. That this announcement is part of a deliberate plan to curb the price of gold in these difficult times is clearly questionable.  But it will be impossible to counter market forces in the long term.  When the price of gold rose from $200 to $850 at the end of the 1970’s, the IMF sold 1600t of gold on the market without being able to stop the rise.  To these sales were added the sales of the USA who liquidated some of their gold stocks.

Today the central banks’ gold stocks are a lot lower and the state of the economy is in a lot more trouble than during the stagflation of the 1970’s.  The price of gold no longer has formidable adversaries who can curb its rise.  Instead it now has formidable allies in countries such as China and Russia!

Adapted from an article  by Léonard Sartoni first published in Q1 2009

There are no Swiss banks in Goldfinger although “Goldfinger, in ready money, is the richest man in England. In Zürich, in Naussau, in Panama, in New York, he has twenty million pounds’ worth of gold bars on safe deposit.” But Goldfinger uses Switzerland as the hub of his gold trafficking (which was illegal at the time in some European countries). There he has a discreet plant where he melts down car parts made of solid gold to then discreetly bank them or ship them on. Switzerland never had capital controls that prevented the free flow of gold or other precious metals, and this makes it even today the world’s first market for gold. In the movie, Goldfinger uses this Swiss freedoom to his advantage.

…
Colonel Smithers explains the British secret service’s interest for Mr Goldfinger operations during the dinner at the Bank of England:

‘The great thing to remember about gold is that it’s the most valuable and most easily marketable commodity in the world. You can go to any town in the world, almost to any village, and hand over a piece of gold and get goods or services in exchange. Right?’ Colonel Smithers’s voice had taken on a new briskness. His eyes were alight. He had his lecture pat. Bond sat back. He was prepared to listen to anyone who was master of his subject, any subject. ‘And the next thing to remember,’ Colonel Smithers held up his pipe in warning, ‘is that gold is virtually untraceable. Sovereigns have no serial numbers. If gold bars have Mint marks stamped on them the marks can be shaved off or the bar can be melted down and made into a new bar. That makes it almost impossible to check on the whereabouts of gold, or its origins, or its movements round the world. In England, for instance, we at the Bank can only count the gold in our own vaults, in the vaults of others banks and at the Mint, and make a rough guess at the amounts held by the jewellery trade and the pawn-roking fraternity.’

‘Why are you so anxious to know how much gold there is in England?’ [How much gold is there in England today?]

‘Because gold and currencies backed by gold are the foundation of our international credit. We can only tell what the true strength of the pound is, and other countries can only tell it, by knowing the amount of valuta we have behind our currency [valuta = the value of a currency expressed in terms of its rate of exchange with gold (or some other currency)]. And my main job, Mr Bond-’Colonel Smithers’s bland eyes had become unexpectedly sharp – ‘is to watch for any leakage of gold out of England – out of anywhere in the sterling area. And when I spot a leakage, an escape of gold towards some country where it can be exchanged more profitably than at our official buying price, it is my job to put the CID Gold Squad on to the fugitive gold and try get it back into our vaults, plug the leak and arrest the people responsible. And the trouble is, Mr Bond-’Colonel Smithers gave a forlorn shrug of the shoulders-’that gold attracts the biggest, the most ingenious criminals. They are very hard, very hard indeed, to catch.’

‘Isn’t all this only a temporary phase? Why should this shortage of gold go on? They seem to be digging it out of Africa fast enough. Isn’t there enough to go round? Isn’t it just like any other black market that disappears when the supplies are stepped up, like the penicillin traffic after the war?’

‘I’m afraid not, Mr Bond. It isn’t quite as easy as that. The population of the world is increasing at the rate of five thousand four hundred every hour of the day. A small percentage of those people become gold hoarders, people who are frightened of currencies, who like to bury some sovereigns in the garden or under the bed. Another percentage needs gold fillings for their teeth. Others need gold-rimmed spectacles, jewellery, engagement rings. All these new people will be taking tons of gold off the market every year. New industries need gold wire, gold plating, amalgams of gold. Gold has extraordinary properties which are being put to new uses every day. It is brilliant, malleable, ductile, almost unalterable and more dense than any of the common metals except platinum. There’s no end to its uses. But it has two defects. It isn’t hard enough. It wears out quickly, leaves itself on the linings of our pockets and in the sweat of our skins. Every year, the world’s stock is invisibly reduced by friction. I said that gold has two defects.’ Colonel Smithers looked sad. ‘The other and by far the major defect is that it is the talisman of fear. Fear, Mr Bond, takes gold out of circulation and hoards it against the evil day. In a period of history when every tomorrow may be the evil day, it is fair enough to say that a fat proportion of the gold that is dug out of one corner of the earth is at once buried again in another corner.’

Ian Fleming – “Goldfinger”