Gold advanced in Asia, rebounding from its biggest decline in more than a week, as concerns that the global economic recovery is faltering helped fuel investor interest in the metal as a store of value.

Gold for immediate delivery rose 0.2 percent to $1,229.73 an ounce at 1:16 p.m. in Singapore, after dropping 0.4 percent on Aug. 20 as the dollar jumped as much as 1 percent. December- delivery futures gained 0.2 percent to $1,231.40 an ounce.

“Gold may attempt to build a base above $1,220 before continuing on its upward trend,” said Ong Yi Ling, Singapore- based investment analyst with Phillip Futures Pte Ltd. “Concerns over the economic recovery will continue to support gold prices.”

Nineteen of 24 traders, investors and analysts surveyed by Bloomberg, or 79 percent, said the metal will gain this week. Four forecast lower prices and one was neutral. Hedge-fund managers and other large speculators increased their net-long position in New York gold futures in the week ended Aug. 17, according to U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission data.

Speculative positions, or bets prices will rise, outnumbered short positions by 204,228 contracts on the Comex division of the New York Mercantile Exchange, the Washington- based commission said in its Commitments of Traders report. Net- long positions rose by 13,541 contracts, or 7 percent, from a week earlier.

Gold strengthened 12 percent this year, reaching an all- time high of $1,650.30 an ounce in June, as investors sought to protect their wealth against financial turmoil in Europe and the prospect of currency debasement. European Central Bank council member Axil Weber said on Aug. 19 that the ECB should help banks through liquidity tensions before determining in the first quarter when to withdraw emergency lending measures.

‘Well Supported’

The euro traded near a five-week low against the dollar ahead of European data that may show growth in the 16-nation region’s services and manufacturing industries slowed in August. Reports this week forecast to show U.S. existing home sales fell and Japan’s export growth slowed in July.

Time is running out for the dollar

Gold is linked to the US dollar and in a simple equation strong dollar = weaker gold, weak dollar higher gold price. The future strength of the dollar depends on the economic prospects for America and they are not good, therefore the dollar will weaken and gold strengthen. On top of these there are moves afoot to remover the dollar from its status of reserve currency which to date has been a factor supporting for the dollar.

Earlier I reported that Europe can no longer support its very expensive social welfare programs and the shrinking working population will not be able to support the growing pensioners with there over generous pensions and of course the ugly head of unemployment.

I also indicated that the US viewed the European situation with derision as its old fashioned ideas dictated that its time was over.  “Judge not lest you be judged” as written in Mathew 7.1 is very applicable to the American situation.

The prosperity of the USA after World War II led to an explosion of population  who were labeled the  baby boomers  and they total some 78 million. These now approach retirement and will collect benefits from Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid that, on average, exceed per-capita GDP. The annual costs of these entitlements will total about $4 trillion in today’s dollars.

The U.S. is bankrupt, tax, retirement benefits and health care are in a mess

Neither spending more nor taxing less will help the country pay its bills.  With a $4 trillion fiscal gap the US have three courses of action or a combination of the three – reduce significantly the benefits of the “baby boomers” – huge tax increases – print more money, which is the current policy.  Realistically printing money needs to be supported by the reduction of benefits and increases in taxes.

Additionally last month the IMF has effectively pronounced the U.S. bankrupt by stating  “The U.S. fiscal gap associated with today’s federal fiscal policy is huge for plausible discount rates.” It adds that “closing the fiscal gap requires a permanent annual fiscal adjustment equal to about 14 percent of U.S. GDP.”

Rather than be judgemental of Europe the U.S. should look at themselves and realize they are potentially in a worse financial state than Greece

For some time now both Russia and China have been pushing for an alternative to the dollar as the reserve currency. While the West has been forced to sell  off assets to compensate for loss or to pay off debt, cash rich China has been buying assets, in particular gold and using those assets as a form of currency to offset the increasing fragile dollar. This is all part of a long term strategy to boost their own currency the Yuan to become an internationally accepted currency.

If that was not enough in the last few weeks the United Nations report “World Economic and Social Survey 2010: Retooling Global Development” called for the creation of a new global reserve currency to replace the U.S. dollar as the single major reserve currency.
“The dollar has proved not to be a stable store of value, which is a requisite for a stable reserve currency,” it said.
It suggested that the reserve should be based on  the existing  Special Drawing rights  (SDRs) created by the IMF to supplement member countries reserves: but with a new basket to reflect the changing weight of global economies  and include emerging countries currencies ( the Yuan) thus downgrading the importance of the dollar.
“To summarize, reducing dependence on the dollar through increased use of a created currency made up of a basket of currencies such as the SDR could be a significant step towards greater stability in the world economy,” the report concluded.

Compare the dollar to the British Empire, once the greatest the world has known, which  has now out lived its usefulness and faded into the memory of once what was. The dollar has not yet fallen that far but it is well on its way and gold will become more important and stronger as a result.

Maurice Hall

We need to go that way to avoid the rocks

The European Union is facing an economic and political crisis that threatens the single currency, exposes greed, bureaucratic strangulation, unsustainable social welfare programmes, raises questions on protectionism and the very fabric of the free market. If that was not enough, the weakness of its leaders becomes apparent and two of the giants France and Germany support a different solution. There is a very English phrase “ to muddle through” and that is what European leaders have been doing and hope they can continue doing so as not to put emphasis on radical change that can upset the apple cart either internally or externally. Muddling through depends on growth.

The European Union is still the world’s largest economy supporting over 500 million people of diverse race, cultures and languages. However, the EU is facing both an economic and a political crisis as governments and companies cannot easily borrow money and the euro wobbles. Initially the weakness of the euro was shrugged off as speculation and Anglo-Saxon conspiracy, but the real problem is that social welfare in many countries is so protected and expensive that it is strangling the economies. Europe has to grow just to maintain its welfare systems and innovation just to pay for increasing old age pensions and unemployment is not inspirational. Of the 27 countries in the EU only Poland managed positive growth in 2009, while it is true that recently many have now turned positive, but it can only be described as mediocre. Outside of Europe the perception is that the protectionist policies for citizen welfare indicate that there is no longer the guts to tackle the problems. A sick Europe benefits nobody and arguably, were it healthy, then the worst of the global crisis would be over.

It is the courage of Europe’s leaders to initiate structural reform that comes into question. As Jean-Claude Juncker, prime minister of Luxembourg, said memorably in 2007-  “We all know what to do, but we don’t know how to get re-elected once we have done it.”  Many of Europe’s problems stem from election seeking misallocation of public spending with years of subsidizing powerful interest groups, increasing civil service payrolls, early retirement schemes, job protection and unemployment benefits. Between 2005 and 2030 the working-age population of the European Union will shrink by 20m, and the number of those over 65 will increase by 40m. In Belgium only 35% of citizens over the age of 55 work. It is almost impossible to sack a person in Spain, great for those in work but for the 40% youth unemployment that it generates, it is immoral.   European leaders underestimate the realism of the voters and proposals in the UK and Netherland to raise the retirement age to as high as 70 have met with moans but no angry protest.  In France, according to an opinion poll proposals to increase the retirement age were unjust and did produce the usual French protest, few disagree that the current state pension scheme faces insolvency.

The single market does not truly exist and the EU is almost a third less productive than its American counter parts in services, because countries hide behind national barriers and so do not gain full economies of scale. Anyone who has worked in a multi national industry knows how difficult it is to get policies implemented, products introduced or to comply with a European directive that has been interpreted 27 different ways into national law. No company with any sense would open a factory or an office in France, Italy and some other EU countries, where protectionist employment laws could kill that company. I personally know of a case where a multi national company was trying to tighten its purse strings to remain solvent and Italian law forced that company to increase the salary of Italian employees and maintain periodic pay rises. In desperate times protectionism has raised its head. In France with Mr. Sakozy suggesting that French cars for French drivers should not be made in former Eastern bloc countries and the EC had to intervene to stop Germany offering incentives to a consortium proposing to buy the failing Opel company, to keep the German factories open to the detriment of more cost effective plants elsewhere.

This crisis has the ability to pull countries closer together or pull them further The key is Germany where they are furious that they have to bail out other countries until they realize that they created the situation in the first place. Germany companies have done very well and the economy has grown with exports particularly to Greece where they have risen by 130% in the last 10 years. So how did Greece pay for these exports. with loans from German banks. Therefore, it is essential that they and the French to a lesser extent rally around the single currency as they are sat on a large amount of southern Europe sovereign debt. That has been the pattern the industrious north has done well but those around the Mediterranean have been affected by the sun leaving the idyllic life but unable to pay for it. Great for a holiday but not for life, in fact Greece has become the most obese in Europe where once they had one of the healthiest diets.

The alternative approach is to a number of separatist theories with retraction from the Euro or a North South divide where the super efficient North have a strong euro and the languid south another. Which would France join?

Practically what can EU leaders do and which direction can they take and what have they done so far?  To date there have been last gasp austerity measures that may well in the short term pacify the bond market but is a risky course of action. These measures will inevitably lead to a weakening growth rate and increased unemployment. The same arguments were the difference between Labour and the coalition in how to solve the UK’s financial problems where at least there is time as the UK’s debt has the longest due date of all in Europe. Now Spain, Greece and Portugal face a log hard struggle to rebalance their economies

Markets have lost faith in the euro and the hope was that the economies of the 16 countries that use the euro would converge. The struggle to regain creditability with markets has lead to a divergence on the course to be taken by Germany and France. Germany has gone for stricter rules and discipline on borrowing and spending, sanctioning governments who fail to toe the line to the extent of freezing funds for EU mega projects and suspension of voting rights. The French favour a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members with some fiscal and social harmonization.

Germany’s proposals are unworkable, the reaction to losing voting rights is unacceptable particularly to the former communist countries where there has been such hard work to lead to democracy. Stopping funding on EU mega products where they cross boarders could penalize other countries. To redistribute, as the French recommend, to save the euro would require an equally unacceptable step towards political union.

What is the likely outcome?. It is likely to be a  form of compromise with temporary rescue packages, informal and semi formal discussions and agreements – in other words a muddle through.

It is possible for the EU to agree and force through essential legislation when it is a matter of survival. A key demand to European business is an EU wide patent that has been stuck for years over the status given languages in Spain and Italy. On 1^st July the EC forced this through to be valid in all 27 countries. Another example of the power of the EU market is where Germany was told it could not spend taxpayer’s money to protect Opel jobs in Germany without the same support to other countries. It is possible that the people understand the need for a free market economy better than their leaders where in a recent pole 73% of Germans and 67% of French said they were better off in a free market. Interestingly a greater percentage than in the middle of the boom and greater than America. We have already mentioned the need to pay for pensions and the less than feared reaction to raising the pension age. In the countries brought to the brink of disaster, the civil unrest was much less than expected and dominated by public sector workers with safe jobs. The leaders should have courage as this crisis gives the excuses for radical reform and there are hints that citizens are prepared to take there medicine.

However, the best bet would be a muddle through and hope for the growth that is needed to sustain it. An opportunity lost.

Maurice Hall

Originally the regulators, the Committee of European Banking Supervisors (CEBS), were only to look at the biggest European banks but they expanded the list to include 91, after there were some worries over some medium sized banks.  Collectively these 91 banks represent 65% of the European banking sector and the number and size of banks vary from country to country but must be at least 50% of each countries banking sector.

The failure rate was lower than expect as many experts predicted that as many as 12 would fail. Of the seven that failed 5 were from Spain (Diada, Espiga, Bianca Civica,Unnim and Cajasur, one from Germany (Hypo Real Estate) and one from Greece (ATEBank).

By conducting these tests it was hoped that international confidence would be restored to help finance economic recovery and to overcome the worry that European banks were either not strong enough to withstand a double dip recession or have large exposure to countries that might default on their debts. Also to identify any vulnerable bank so steps can be take to strengthen them. The aim is to continually test out the resilience of banks in the EU periodically and undertake a continuing program of improvement.

The banks were tested in scenarios where different assets might fall significantly in value, such as the collapse of a property market and if this resulted in losses so great that the banks capital was wiped out, then insolvency would result. E.g. if a loan cannot be recovered the bank writes down its capital by the amount of the loss and the investors take that loss and if the banks assets cannot repay all of its borrowings then insolvency follows.

The banks that failed will have to agree a plan over given time period to resolve their shortcomings.  The five Spanish banks to fail were regional savings banks with heavy losses due the downturn in the Spanish property market, but savings banks have been undertaking a restructuring process by the Bank of Spain so the overall picture in Spain is was considered sound.

The British Bankers Association said that work had already been  put in to strengthen UK banks and the four major UK banks RBS, Lloyds, HSBC and Barclays exceeded the standards set.  Also tested and passed was the Spanish giant Santander who own Abbey, Bradford and Bingley and the Alliance & Leicester in the UK, as was the Bank of Ireland who provide the banking services for the UK Post Office.

There are market concerns as although the EU set the parameters for these tests, they were conducted by national regulators who may have been lenient on their own banks. The test is against a ratio of tier one capital (capital of the highest quality) which is a core measure of the banks financial strength and a measure of insurance against loss. The trouble is that some of the forms of capital used in the test proved useless against losses in the recent crisis, thus the measure is more favourable to the bank. This pales into insignificance against the real problem with these tests and that is there is no test against sovereign debt, which is what brought us to crisis with Greece on the verge of bankruptcy.  So this appears to be more of a political exercise, as the EU will not even contemplate that a country within it, would default on its debt

However, the test that confidence has returned will be if today, the interbank lending market makes it easier for banks to borrow.

Read full report and results

Maurice Hall

During World War II the British sovereign was the only tangible and reliable currency in Greece and they were hoarded and hidden in every conceivable place. A girls dowry would often include a cache of sovereigns.  They were parachuted in to fund the Greek resistance to the German occupation. War is a crisis but now the Greek population face the crisis of being unable to repay its debts and once again they turn to the sovereign as the currency of choice.

It is remarkable and a tribute to the sovereign that it remained legal currency long after the war due to the unstable drachma until eventually in 1965  the Greek government placed restrictions on trading resulting in many hoarders cashing in their stocks. Even so at the slightest hint of uncertainty, and there have been many, the Greeks turned to their favourite foreign gold coin.

Greece has not really had a true period of financial stability for decades and markets are wondering whether they will default on repaying their debt given past behaviour  so the uncertainties  are understandable. The population is in panic resorting to strikes and riots and fear that Greece may leave the eurozone.

Once again  have returned to their known safe haven, the sovereign, as a hedge against financial collapse causing the the demand to increase year on year and the price to rise dramatically. For weeks citizens have been queueing at Athens central bank to buy sovereigns and have been prepared to pay the highest prices. It is estimated that in the first 4 months of the year 50,000 sovereigns were sold legally and as the demand increased so did the black market  and at least 100,000 were sold illegally with price up to €300 (£252).  The uncertainty and fear has driven people to pay a huge premium of almost 40% over the current value of the gold content to protect their wealth.

Without doubt the British sovereign has been the gold coin that has world wide recognition as mechanism for survival  whether it be a financial or physical crisis – see our article “Gold sovereigns open doors”

Maurice Hall

There are two camps of how to return the UK economy to growth and reduces our heavy debt, spend and cut or simply cut. What ever your personal view the new coalition government has decided that we will swallow the austerity pill with drastic cuts.  This has gone down well and the pound is at its strongest against the euro since November 2008 and the euro itself strengthened after the European central Bank has tightened monetary conditions.

We have seen a pull back in the gold price, but is this down to austerity which is the new buzz word in the UK and Europe. So as we start to live within our means does that mean that the need for gold as an insurance is weakened ?. We are rightly entangled in European economics as this is what affects our daily lives, but we found in 2008 that greed and subsequent collapse in America created an economic crisis in Europe, the worse since 1929 and the great depression. We are still feeling the affects and the steps taken to pump the economy lead to unprecedented sovereign debts and the collapse of economies in southern Europe. However, gold is intrinsically linked to the dollar so nothing has changed as the US try and spend there way out of the downturn, print more money to devalue the currency and have huge sovereign debt.

In the UK with CPI above 3% and more significantly the RPI above 5% it is virtually impossible after taxation  to get a ROI that does not lose money over the year. So that combined with economic fragility that could still lead to contagion means the case for gold is still strong.

What we are seeing is the seasonal adjustment that has been running for the last 40 years.  Gold has followed both seasonal and super cycles for decades and we are in the summer adjustment as predicted by my article on this blog in March (When is a good time to buy gold ?). However, gold has been stronger than my prediction by more than $100 per ounce, driven by more exposure to the fragility of world economies and unprecedented demand.  In fact we reached the end of year high I predicted before going into the summer recess so I would expect the price to now rise in Q4 to beyond $1300.  Traditionally investors who bought in summer made money by selling in Q4 a simple short term gain that has been repeated time and again.  Look also to the supercycle where the cycle and the seasonality meet in Q4 2011 and expect at least $1500 per ounce for the longer term investment.

The case for gold has not weakened and now is the time to buy gold the bull has a long way to run. Think also about ROI as gold and particularly legal tender gold coins (sovereigns and Britannias) stand out as a way to beat inflation and taxation. We have the best conditions in the UK for investing in gold coins no VAT or TAX applied.

Maurice Hall

In June our sister site (L’Or et l’Argent) has run a series of articles that follow the theme of a “house of cards” starting with Greece whose only resources, tourism and olive oil are not enough to lift them out of bankruptcy and a similar situation in Portugal. The next contagion is Spain, an economic giant in comparison, where unemployment is rife and debt would reach €225 billion in 2010. Although Spanish debt continues to grow, it remains lower than France which is the largest in the euro zone. Outside of the Euro Great Britain is cited as a contender for a “house of cards” following austerity measures announced at the budget and the marginalisation  of the GBP as we through national pride refused to join the eurozone.

This is an interesting take from a European prospective and draws attention to the two trains of thought in economic growth. The 2008 economic crisis still affects us today, we in the UK and most of the western world are in an era of fragility that needs to be stabilised. We could attempt to spend your way out of it as and stabilise growth before taking cost cutting measures as was the policy of the labour party or cut back immediately and risk stifling any growth. Meanwhile across the Atlantic Barack Obama seems to believe that the US can just spend their way out of it and print more dollars.

To me, if likened to a house hold, first you must recognise your debt and here in the UK we have gigantic debts to overcome, then you must take action. Spending on plastic has its day of reckoning and eventual you must cut your card in half, review expenditure and come up with a budget  that enables you to pay essential bills  and gradually repay your excesses with money saved. The economy of the country is no different, to improve your credit rating you cut wasteful spending, improve efficiency and live within means to gradually ease the sovereign debt. Austerity measures in the UK seems to have won respect in world markets as GBP has risen both against the Euro and the USD and the FTSE 100 has recovered to over 5100. More importantly the economy has grown marginally in the manufacturing section.

I have to say I have been pro Euro particularly when we could have joined in a position of strength but now I am in many ways glad we are still separate. Despite the Euro’s recent rally there is too much of a divide between the countries in the Euro zone, the efficient North and the chaotic South to the extent that the Germans would like to get out of the Euro as they feel they do not want to support the fragility of countries in crisis such as Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy.

Do not the French and other eurozone countries recognize that the cost of pensions will drive many countries to bankruptcy. When many Europeans look at the UK, they scoff particularly at the raising of the pension age that is likely to reach 70 over a period of time.  There average ages of retirement age varies but in most countries people retire in their fifties and in Italy and France only 12%  are working beyond 60 years old.

Citizens should realise that there is a pensions time bomb with the average continental EU state pension equating to almost 60% of salary and with a much longer period of retirement, governments cannot afford it and it will drive many countries to bankruptcy.  A recent survey of 25 countries scored the UK highly and the affordability and sustainability of our pensions and France at the bottom. Those countries with such generous pensions and early retirement ages simply can no longer afford them and it will drive them to ruin. There needs to be a massive reformation, not only to increase working age  but to reduce the actual value, which would be so unpopular that one wonders if the their governments have the guts to take the action necessary.

In another time we should be screaming at our government at the unfairness of our pensions which are the lowest in Europe but with the aging population, the ratio of workers to pensions set to double and the current crisis we are in a stronger position to survive than our neighbours. Meanwhile proposals to raise the retirement age in France have typically been met with mass protests for what is a diminutive step to fight debt.

I am not suggesting by any means that there is reason for complacency in the UK situation and there is still danger of stalling economic growth as the cuts bite deeper but at least we have recognised the seriousness of sovereign debt while other bury their heads in the sand.

In the fragile countries of the eurozone, where sovereign debt could precipitate a financial collapse and even  in countries that fear the contagion, people are turning to gold as a protection and nowhere more so than in the strongest economy, Germany, where there is unprecedented investment in gold. In Britain we do not have a history with private individuals turning to  gold but rather we might buy a gold coin for commemorative purposes.  We are fortunate that we have so far not suffered hyper inflation, major currency devaluation or physical invasion so we do not hoard gold or in general even understand how gold can protect family wealth even though we have some of the best conditions in the world for gold investment. No VAT, no Capital Gains Tax on legal tender gold coins and up to 40% tax relief if we use gold within a Self Investment Pension Plan (SIPP). We need to save more to pay for our retirement and make wise investments, diversify our portfolios, utilise SIPPs and last but not least be aware of the potential of gold to protect our wealth.

Maurice Hall

I was listening to a programme on BBC Radio which is always an informative station and my ears pricked up on a discussion on the 2009 Bordeaux vintage which is reputed to be the best in 60 years.  I like wine very much but the grand Grands Crus of Bordeaux which have long catered for the discerning tastes of the elite in the western world are beyond my means. However, I thought it would be an interesting to understand why the wines are so great and if I had a rush of blood to the head and splashed out, what would be the best value for money. To my surprise there was little in the way of comparison of the various producers but a great deal on the destination of the very best of French wine

From the baroque tasting room of Chateau Mouton Rothschild, to the grand hall of the Union des Grands Crus, Chinese delegations declared their intent to siphon off huge quantities of first growths, the very best wines.  The price of the first growths are likely to cost £4000 per 12 bottle case and even as high as £1000 per bottle.  According to the Chinese importers money does not seem to be a problem and Lafite-Rothschild is said to be the tipple of choice for the Chinese industrialist.  Private companies are soaring and property values are rising fast so people have a lot of money.

You may wonder why I am writing about wine on a blog whose main interest is gold. Whilst critics were in raptures with the top wines from Haut-Brion, Margaux and Latour it seems to matter little to the Chinese consumer who are reported to glug their wine or dilute even the most expensive bottles with lemonade. The reason is one of economics, no longer do these famous vintages end up in the cellars of the rich in the western world and particularly recession hit America; but they have become prestigious gifts amongst Chinese business people.

Throughout history, all great powers have their day Egyptian, Greek, Roman. More recently countries such as Spain, France, and Great Britain all had periods of unrivalled power. Today, the United States still reigns as the world’s sole superpower but it is on the brink and is being credibly challenged by rising powers in Asia, India and more importantly China who have designs on world financial dominance. It is a process that will have huge implications for investors over the coming years. It is no surprise India is the greatest consumer of gold and China the largest producer.

The balance of power is swinging eastwards. First the West exported industrial plant to Asia leading to investment in technology in the East which coupled with a cheap workforce produced a number of startups. Their cost effectiveness captured markets normally supplied from the West and eventually western domestic markets were flooded by cheaper imports leading to a decline in the manufacturing base and vast trade deficits. Now we find our selves in a situation where we are even being financed by the East. Iconic UK brands MG and Jaguar are Chinese owned and the new Californian bullet train was not only funded by money borrowed from China but built by a Chinese company.

Sovereign debt is threatening the fabric of western society and dragging down our currencies. It reminiscent of the 1930s as austerity measures have been running in Ireland fore some time, problems in Greece and Spain have lead to strikes and a general strike is threatened in Italy. Portugal is in the same mould as Spain and Italy, later additions to the EU from former Eastern Europe are in great difficulty particularly Hungary, France has to tighten its belt and Germany is in a domestic struggle over the Euro. Outside the Euro zone, the UK debt is of a greater GDP of all but Spain and its only because our repayment has a longer time span that we are not in quite the same mess as Greece. If the June budget does not show sufficient promise to bring down our deficit our triple –A rating maybe under threat.

So how does the American superpower stand?. The economy is the country’s top concern, with persistently high unemployment the greatest threat the public sees. Eight of 10 Americans rate joblessness a high risk to the economy in the next two years, outranking the federal budget deficit, which is cited by 7 of 10. An increase in taxes is named as a high risk by almost 6 of 10. Fewer than 1 in 3 Americans think the economy will improve in the next six months….Only 32 percent of poll respondents believe the country is headed in the right direction, down from 40 percent who said so in September.” (Bloomberg).

The U.S. debt will top $13.6 trillion this year and climb to an estimated $19.6 trillion by 2015, according to a Treasury Department report to Congress. ( Reuter 8^th June). Economic contraction will continue with record numbers of foreclosures, personal bankruptcies, the highest rate of unemployment with millions more jobs to be lost as purse strings tighten.

Going back to the origination of this theme if Chinese businessmen can afford to mix lemonade with £1000 bottles of Bordeaux to impress friends and associates then there truly has been a swing to the East and that is where the demand for Gold will be driven. Currently the USD is the reserve currency but as power is being challenged so is the dollar as  both Russia and China are pushing for alternatives where gold may play a part.

Read the china Gold Report on this blog

Maurice Hall

In the credit crisis of 2008, gold went down with everything else. Gold stocks were hammered as the world deleveraged. But gold and gold stocks were also among the first to rise from the ashes. They made their low in November 2008, while the major Western stock indices carried on declining until March 2009.

Gold was not the safe haven it was touted to be. However, this only reflects what was happening in the paper markets of stocks, futures and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

In the ‘real world’, bullion dealers reported unprecedented activity. Such was global demand, that there was a Krugerrand supply crunch in South Africa; the US Mint was unable to supply gold and silver coins; and Tony Baird of Baird & Co, one of the UK’s main dealers, confessed to me that he could have had ten times the number of people working for him and still not have had enough staff.

And something similar is happening again today.

Germans are buying up gold fast

The FT ran a story on Saturday, headlined: ‘Germans lead gold rush frenzy’. It seems Germans are panicked by the inflationary implications of last week’s €750bn eurozone bail-out. They have been buying up gold coins and small bars at a faster rate than during the Lehman bankruptcy of autumn 2008. Krugerrands are now commanding a premium of about 8% above the spot price of their gold content.

“We have some extraordinary sales to German customers,” says Deborah Thomson, treasurer at the Rand refinery in South Africa. “The refinery,” writes Jack Farchy in the FT, “which usually sells 2,000 coins to each customer at a time, says that last week it received an order from one German bank for 30,000 coins. Another bank requested 15,000 coins”.

We seem to be threatened with another bout of deleveraging. But this time, unlike in 2008, gold has remained strong in the futures markets. In fact, it is sitting at a vital inflection point. Against the euro and the pound, both of which have been exceptionally weak, gold has gone near parabolic and has long since broken out to all-time highs.

Here we see gold against the pound. It costs nearly £850 an ounce – it was just £570 last summer.

And here is gold versus the collapsing euro:

Against the US dollar, however, it is trading at or barely above the all-highs of December 2009 at $1,224 an ounce.

The futures markets are where the price of gold is, largely, determined.

If I was a futures trader – and I’m not – I would be long gold (betting on the price to rise) in the belief that it could easily go parabolic from here, as has happened in euros and pounds when it broke out.

But, assuming that I have enjoyed a nice run, I wouldn’t want to give too much profit back, so I would also have my stops very tight, perhaps at just below $1,220 (near the old high). If not there, I might have them just a little lower, a little beneath the $1,200 mark.

Other traders might not think like me, but there is the danger, in my opinion, that just a small sell-off here could easily trigger a load of stops and drive the price down.

Why would gold sell off?

But why would gold sell off, given the circumstances? Well, for several reasons. First, sentiment – as demonstrated by the Germans – is wildly bullish. It is hard to find a gold bear out there. That is often a bearish sign.

Second, gold’s move has not been confirmed by silver. Silver, trading at $19 an ounce, is still $31 off its all-time high of 1980, and $3 – or 15% – off its more recent high of $22 set in spring 2008. I know silver has, for various reasons, a tendency to be rather, shall we say, errant, but like me at school, it should be doing better.

Third, gold’s move has not been confirmed by the gold stocks. These are still trading below their highs of March 2008 and December 2009. Perhaps that makes them a buy here, but purists like to see gold stocks leading gold.

Fourth, open interest on the futures exchange is extremely high, with the commercial traders short a worrying 282,644 contracts. These are often levels concomitant with a top.

Now, I am not calling a top here by any manner of means. I remain wildly bullish about gold in the long-term and think we are eventually going to go back to some kind of botched gold standard as the only solution to this ballooning monetary crisis that just won’t go away.

And in the event of ‘another bout of 2008′, I don’t think gold will be hit so hard. What was a credit crunch largely in the private sector is now morphing into a full-blown sovereign currency crisis. That should be bullish for gold.

But as I noted above, there are some grounds for ’short-term concern’, and it doesn’t do any harm to be aware of them.

A report by Dominic Frisby London 18th May 2010

We are well aware of France as the leading gold hoarder in Europe both in the central bank with second highest reserve and by private citizens who are reputed to have over 3000 tonnes in private hands. French gold is mainly in the form of gold Napoleons widely distributed as safe haven for family wealth. Whereas Italy is a consumer of gold whose jewellery industry is the world’s leader a tradition that goes back to Roman times; but they are not lacking in gold reserves either.  It is certainly worth exploring the Italian gold situation.

Central banks

The gold bullion stored beneath Rome’s Palazzo Koch stands at 2,451.8 tonnes, the fourth  largest central bank hoard in the world, just behind France as third in Europe. It has been unchanged at 2,451.8 tonnes for the last 11 years or more making Italy the only Eurozone nation not to sell any of its gold reserves since 1998. It’s also the only signatory to the Central Bank Gold Agreements of 1999 and 2004 not to sell any gold either. Italy’s fellow CBGA signatories, in contrast, have shrunk their gold reserves by more than one quarter on average.

Central Bank Holdings

Country                      Tonnes

USA                            8133.5

Germany                     3412.6

IMF                             3217.3

France                         2487.1

Italy                            2451.8

Gold Jewellery

Italy has a large jewellery industry contributing to a considerable portion of Italy’s economy and is located in the regions of Veneto, Toscana, Lombardia, Lazio and Piedmont. About 45,000 workers engaged in this sector and there are two major clusters located in Vicenza and Arezzo where there are over 2500 companies employing around 22,000 workers.

Fine Italian gold jewellery in both its handmade and mass manufactured designs generally continues to hold the lead in customer appeal for a variety of styles and products. Many Italian gold designs reflect hundreds of years of influence while still appealing to those who value trendy style, romance and quality. The country remains as largest producer of gold jewellery in the world and its exquisite designs date back to the fifth century. Over 400 tons of the precious metal a year is processed and shaped into beautiful bracelets, necklaces, earrings, rings, medallions, broaches and other items that are worn with pride by both men and women in every corner of the globe.

The home of the country’s first goldsmith organization is in Vicenza and dates back to the early 1300’s. From that time until the present, artisans have passed the trade down to subsequent generations. The city is also known to produce the best machinery for producing precious metal chains used in some of the finest pieces world wide. Combining machinery and handcrafted techniques, a goldsmith may produce only approximately 12 inches a day of chain to be later fashioned into necklaces or other finished pieces.

This technique takes years to learn and goldsmiths who achieve success in the art of chain production in Vicenza produce products that are adored by many jewelry connoisseurs.

Italy has faced substantial competition from lower-cost manufacturing centers in China, Turkey and India in recent years and its fabrication has declined. Its domestic market has suffered too as consumers, against the background of a sluggish economy and increased competition.

Despite this, Italy remains the undisputed leader of fashionable and high quality jewellery design and the city of Vicenza hosts the leading trade fair each year. This is not a position of complacency  as Turkey has the skill, a growing market is determined to overtake Italy  While demand for basic products is declining, that for more innovative and high quality pieces is now showing healthy growth.

Vincenza Oro’s fair for yellow gold remains a high selling point, and this year’s fair paid tribute to the market with Gold Expressions, a collaboration between the World Gold Council, the Vincenza fair, and sixty-nine premier Italian goldsmiths. The exhibit featured new and creative works (almost all in yellow gold) by the goldsmith artists invited to participate. The works are now scheduled to tour the China, the Middle East, and the United States as part of an international marketing campaign

The sector is coming from a very long and deep recession. The demand for gold and jewellery in 2009 recorded a steep fall of about 18% at world level with very marked downturns in the United States (-17%), in the Arab countries and in Europe. The sole sign of solidity came from the Chinese market where there was a 12% increase in the demand for gold and 8% growth in jewellery.
The forecasts indicate a market recovery for 2010, the scale of which will however be linked to the performance of the economy in the various parts of the world.

Gold Expressions is a collaboration between the World Gold Council, the Vincenza fair, and sixty-nine premier Italian goldsmiths. The  tour of China, India, the Middle East, and the United States as part of an international marketing campaign was successful particularly in the worlds greatest market, India, where the quality has attracted the new rich Indians.

Italian Gold Coins

20 Lire Victor Emanual

Italy for a large period of time was in the form of a number of states with different governing bodies, because of which various kinds of coins as currency were used. However, “fiorino d’oro” or the gold coins of the republic of Florence were probably the first European coin to be made and used in larger quantities. The time of the birth of the first Italian gold coin is estimated to around 1252. This gold coin had approximately 3.5 grams of gold content. Apart from fiorino d’oro, many other famous gold coins used as currency were ducat, scudo d’oro and sovranos. Italy began using the currency Lire from 1861 and were in production until 1940. The most readily available of modern Italian gold coins is the 20 lire of Victor Emanuel and Umberto 1

Italian Gold Coins as a safe haven

The Italian gold coins have now attained the status of being a collectors’ item. People buy and sell these coins and investors take them as safe investments because of rising prices of gold. Whilst the economy of Italy is not in such a dangerous state as Greece, it is incorporated in the Southern European euro demise.  An Economy Ministry document trimmed the forecast for 2010 gross domestic product growth to 1.0 percent from 1.1 percent and slashed the 2011 forecast to 1.5 percent from 2.0 percent. As fears grew of contagion from Greece’s debt crisis to other euro zone countries, Rome raised its public debt forecast to 118.4 percent of GDP this year, up from a forecast of 116.9 percent made in January. The 2011 forecast was hiked to 118.7 percent from 116.5 percent and 2012 raised to 117.2 percent from 114.6 percent.

In times of impending crisis families who understand the situation will try and protect their wealth in intangible gold.

Maurice Hall

If you search the web for information on when and how to buy gold and in what format you will get a wealth of advice on both the indicators and how to get the best return on your investment.  You may also see warnings from fake coins, tungsten in gold bars to loss of value on resale as dealers take there cut.  More of this later as there are certainly pitfalls that are easily avoided.

You may be driven to gloom and despair when you come across many hypotheses on the dangers of Fiat currency, whereby central banks are printing money and devaluing currencies be that USD, GBP or the Euro. You will certainly not be comforted by articles on Sovereign Debt £1.4 trillion coming up in the UK, the greater and more dangerous debts of the US, Japan, and the current difficulties with Greece, Italy,  Spain and Portugal in the Euro zone. We have already seen the collapse of Iceland and some former eastern European countries and Ireland on the brink (UK citizens who hold money in our Post Office should be aware that this is directly with the Bank of Ireland who is now 1.9 billion in debt). If you delve further you will see more political manoeuvring in the East and Russia, where there is a drive to move away from the USD as the reserve currency, additionally China has a long term strategy for financial domination. You may be forgiven for feeling that the world as we know it will come to a halt as you listen to many experts predicting an inevitable systemic crisis that would make  2008 pale into insignificance and global contagion would cause capitalism itself to collapse.

I am not saying we should ignore those warnings, far from it but the optimist would have some faith that the western world could stabilise, otherwise we will not be concerned with gold and money but food and weapons, and yes you will find that advice already common amongst the growing number of survivalists in the USA.  There will no doubt be rocky roads to follow, financial difficulties, pressures on currencies, but currency is not money.  There is no doubt that many people will be looking for a safe haven, an insurance policy and the only world wide respected haven is gold.  This gold must not be in the form stocks, un allocated gold at a bank or certificates but physical gold which is tangible either held secured at your residence or in a vault where you own it.  Even the survivalists after the guns and ammo recognise that a stash of gold coins would be necessary as a medium to exchange for supplies.

I would say that the majority of investors are optimistic enough to believe that we will overcome a financial crisis to a greater or lesser extent and not be plunged back into the third world. There is no doubt that we are in an investor “safe haven” and even the most optimistic are and should be hedging by diversifying part of their portfolio into gold.  We in the UK have always believed in our currency otherwise we would be part of the Euro zone, we have not been successfully invaded for almost 1000 years hence we have no country wide safe haven investment history. Twenty two miles across the channel, our nearest neighbour France, following a century of invasion, dramatic devaluation understand the safe haven that gold provides.  Families have survived through crisis because they put their wealth into gold napoleons and today French citizens have 3000 tonnes held privately in gold coins. Should a new crisis occur then many French families will be able to ride out the storm whereas hardly any in the UK would be in a similar position. There is a lesson to be learned here.

I have researched long and hard and think I understand the drivers, the risks the patterns.  The case for owning gold is clear but investors will always be looking for Return On Investment so clearly the timing of buying and selling is essential.  We saw in December 2009 the gold spot touch $1227 per ounce and is now holding around $1100. Where will it go is the big question and what are the drivers and is their anything to be gleaned historically or seasonally.

Let’s take a look at the drivers that keep the price low:

• The West has become complacent and does not have the level fear of financial crisis that it perceived a few months ago. The truth is that we are not out of the crisis the economy is recovering very slowly and is very volatile and we have the £1.4 trillion sovereign debt to face
• The West although no longer fearing a crisis is still tightening is belt and there is not the money around to spend particularly on jewellery. People are taking note of the volatility, companies who have vacancies are fearful of taking on new staff and unemployment is still a huge issue
• The USD has been relatively strong recently and as we al know a strong dollar weakens the gold price. Interestingly the GBP and Euro price has risen from the all time high dollar spot price due to weakening exchange rates.
• India’s private demand dropped in 2009 as people did not buy as much jewelry due to the high price although India’s central bank bought 200 Tonnes off the IMF to back its international commitments
• China is now the largest consumer and the greatest producer of gold but is playing a very political game as it is determined to increase its reserves and shed dollar assets but it does not want to do anything to increase the price of gold or weaken the dollar while it holds $2 trillion of dollar assets
• It is believed if demand continues at the current rate it will not overstretch supply.

What will drive the price up?

• At some point inflation will incur and the dollar will weaken as more money is printed
• It is likely that there will be another financial crisis that will send all the gold bugs scuttling to protect their wealth
• China, Russia and India will take up any slack in demand particularly China who want to increase their gold reserve but also have encouraged their citizens to save gold
• Central banks do not find holding foreign currencies attractive so they can only turn to gold
• There is a finite supply of gold all that has been produce in the world to date would fit in a 20m cube. It is more difficult and costly to mine and the ability to supply is falling off.

The new drive will come from the East as their central banks diversify from dollar assets and the new found prosperity of their consumers will lead to purchase of gold for jewellery and investment. Eastern currencies will appreciate as the dollar losses its status thus driving up the price in dollars over a period of time.

When is gold bought and sold?

• Seasonally – Over the last 30 years the gold price has been at lowest with remarkable consistence in the northern hemisphere summer as European jewellery fabricators and customers are on vacation with the biggest drive in the fourth quarter. This coincides with harvest and wedding festivals in the East. On average throughout this period gold bought in summer turned profitable by the end of the year. Professionals tend to sell at the beginning of the year.
• Historically – Gold has reached a high in cycles followed by quite severe corrections and periods of consolidation. In fact in the last several years gold’s peak highs have followed a super cycle of around 22 months.  Gold reached its famous high in 1980 at $850 which equates to around $2200 when adjusted for inflation so there is a very strong argument that gold still has a long way to go before it reaches its previous high and now we have in addition Russia, China and India as major players. Bearing in mind that cycles constrict and expand please look at the chart below where the next predicted super cycle high will be around 21 months from the high in December 2009 and that will be Q4 2011 and this also coincides with the seasonal trend.

When to buy and when to sell:

All the indicators point a period of consolidation, both seasonally and historically gold should reach a 2010 low in July to August probably $1050 – $1060 and that is probably the time to buy. Do not expect  an immediate significant rise but the trends show that there will be an increase towards the end of the year and probably another period of consolidation in early 2011 so time to hold your nerve.  Late in 2011 the seasonal and the super cycle trends combine and we shall reach the next peak. Conservatively that would be in excess of $1300 but many experts are expecting the next peak to be $1500 or higher. If you are a speculator you may want to take your profit now but if you consider your gold to be your insurance policy then you will hold on to it. If you are in the later category then you will hold your gold until there is a stabilisation and that would not happen until we stop printing currency and take our contractory medicine. See the article on When should we sell gold for more details

What to buy and how?

I mentioned in the opening paragraph that there are pitfalls to avoid and it is not too difficult. Apart from fakes, which can easily be avoided by using reputable sources and not trusting to buying through private individuals through auction site, everything else is designed to take away you profit.

Buy:

• Investment gold(1) to avoid VAT
• Investment gold to include in your SIPP so the UK government will pay you back 20% or 40% depending on your income tax bracket
• Legal tender gold coins(Sovereigns and Britannias) to avoid Capital Gains Tax on profit
• From a reputable source

Avoid:

• Dealers or companies that charge a high premium
• Proof coins that can have a premium of almost twice the gold value
• Any gold coins that demand a high initial premium
• Numismatic coins as they are best left to the experts in that field
• Large bars that are difficult to liquidate
• Removing your gold from the professional system as it immediately depreciates by 10-15%

Sovereign Elizabeth II Obverse

Buying gold bullion is good because the premium is low but we would recommend gold investment coins and in particular semi numismatic coins can attract a premium differential over the gold price particularly in times of crisis. Coins have greater liquidity than bullion bars which can be difficult to split.There is  quite a choice  and that may be appropriate to the country in which you live. The Krugerand is one of the oldest and well known bullion coins and can be purchased with little premium over a bullion bar. In the UK, the British sovereign is in my opinion is the best investment,  ”safe haven” and emergency coin in the world and can be bought at very little premium from the right source with added attraction of owning a beautiful historic coin with aesthetic value.

There is clearly a case for a platform that enables the discerning investor to incorporate the factors that removes the risk and reduces purchase premium and commissions to the minimum. This mechanism did not exist until a unique platform was developed to enable the buying and selling of gold in real time with best prices and secure storage,  in France in 2008 AuCOFFRE.com.  The  UK website is currently under development and will be available very soon.

(1) Investment gold is

(a) gold of a purity not less than 995 thousandths that is in the form of a bar, or a  wafer, of a weight accepted by bullion markets or:

(b) a gold coin minted after 1800 that:

¨ is of a purity of not less than 900 thousandths

¨ is, or has been, legal tender in its country of origin; and

¨ is of a description of a coin that is normally sold at a price that does not exceed 180% of the open market value of the gold contained in the coin; or:

(c)  an investment coin as specified in Notice 701/21A Investment gold coins.

Maurice Hall

Karl Heinrich Marx

For the Soviet system, inspired by Marx, currency was the manifestation of social evil, the relationship with commodity production.  There were certainly some countries where this practice was even more radical than the Soviet system.  This was particularly true of Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge, where trade itself, including bartering, was the objectification of evil itself.  To some degree, it surpassed even Marx’s theories.  In his book the “Critique of Political Economy,” Marx spoke about exchange values and not exchange itself.  It is for this reason that André Malraux called “PolPotism” the Marxism of imbeciles.

That said, the conclusion that Pol Pot and his friends and family made from Marx’s theories, is not that far away from Marx’s ideas, because for Marx the historical process itself results in the production of useful values.  For this reason, Pol Pot’s followers condemned the production of exchange values; therefore exchange itself.  This explains the terrible reality of the demographic collapse in Cambodia during the implementation of what some have called a “murderous utopia.”  The dismissal of exchange can only lead to the disappearance of all systems for satisfying needs; therefore an empire of death, collective suicide.  Of course, in this system characterised by the dismissal of production for trade, access to goods and services has always been conditioned by a hierarchical order of socialist societies, the needs of leaders, including their ostentatious needs, were covered by society.

Boris Yeltsin, who was the first president of Russia after the fall of communism in the 1990’s, declared in October 1987, in a speech to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: “Yes comrades, it is not easy to explain to a factory worker why in the seventieth year of political power, he is forced to queue to buy sausages in which there is more starch than meat whilst on our tables there is sturgeon and caviar and all sorts of fine meats obtained without any problems from a place which he is not even allowed near.  In these special shops reserved for the nomenklatura (the ruling bureaucratic elite of the former Soviet Union), “the prices of goods were inversely proportional to the position the “customer” had in the nomenklatura.  The higher your position in the hierarchy, the lower the price was.”.  More precisely, this means that for members of the nomenklatura money was certified, that is to say that the higher up a person was in the nomenklatura the higher the value of their money.
EXTRACT FROM THE BOOK by Norman Palma and Edouard Husson –  Capitalism is sick of its currency

According to this book – It has often been said that it was not possible to predict the economic and financial crisis that is currently sweeping across the world.  Nothing could be further from the truth.  At the root of the crisis is an International Monetary System that has been seriously affected by the dollar standard system.  For several decades, informed minds had warned of the possible devastating effects on the world economy as a result of the American Federal Reserve’s issuing policy.  As Maurice Allais, the French Nobel Prize Winner for Economics, emphatically said with general indifference “what will happen will happen” What has happened today always happens with paper money systems: after the euphoria of increasing credit without any restrictions the crash arrives.  This is why the dollar is heading towards total depreciation.”

Although every effort is being made to postpone it, we cannot avoid the collapse of the dollar and currencies which unwisely held it up.  To limit the effects of this unavoidable catastrophe, if it is at all possible, we must urgently create an International Account Unit which is a basket of major paper currencies to which we must add gold in order to restore vital credibility to paper money.  Then, we should not be content with returning to a gold reference system, which will in any case impose itself on the market, no matter what top political and economic leaders think.  Due to limits on the quantity of gold, it will be necessary to return to its vital circulating complement: silver, which ruled alongside gold, during the historical rise of the wealth of nations.  With this diagnostic put forward, and with the only possible remedy analysed, all that remains is for an immense reform to be implemented by a politician largely responsible for the situation, who has nothing planned and whose actions will in all respects be judged by this present tragedy.

We need to understand the difference between money and currency as one is real and the other a promise.  Money can be defined as a medium of exchange and a store of value and until fairly recent times was in fact coins made out of precious metal with an intrinsic value or for ease of use, notes backed by precious metal.

Money, when considered as the fruit of many years’ industry, as the reward of labor, sweat and toil, as the widow’s dowry and children’s portion, and as the means of procuring the necessaries and alleviating the afflictions of life, and making old age a scene of rest, has something in it sacred that is not to be sported with, or trusted to the airy bubble of paper currency. Thomas Paine (1737 – 1809)

Currency is still a medium of exchange but is not a store of value as it only derives its value by government degree or “fiat”. It’s value is based on the issuing the authority’s guarantee to pay the stated (face) amount on demand, and not on any intrinsic worth or extrinsic backing. All national currencies in circulation, issued and managed by the respective central banks, are fiat currencies.

A days wages in Germany 1923

The problem is that fiat currency runs the risk of central bankers printing too much and causing large inflation or worse. The more that is printed the more the currency is debased just as the Fed is doing now with the dollar. This has been going on for decades with central banks indiscriminately creating money to cover expenditure and ever increasing debt.  There are examples throughout history and in the 20^th Century most of us are aware that in Germany in 1923 it would take a barrow load of Deutschmarks to buy a loaf of bread but an ounce of gold could buy a reasonable house and one dollar was worth 4 trillion marks

This irresponsible printing of money has eaten away at the value of the world’s reserve currency the USD dollar and dollar based assets, to such an extent that they have lost 82% of value since 1971, the year the US cut links with the gold standard. The GBP has fared even worse that the USD losing around 85% of value since 1971.   There are many illustrations of then and now and how owning gold with intrinsic value would have more purchasing pro rata than currency. E.g the latest model Cadillac Eldorado would have taken 180 ounces of gold at $42.02 to pay the showroom price of $7,546. This same 180 ounces is now worth over $200k and would buy two Cadillac convertibles with enough left over to fuel to first service. In the UK an average family car cost £1000 around 60 oz of gold and now the same would cost £17000 around 23 oz of gold. The 60 ounces would have bought the same family car for you a sports car for your wife and a hatchback for your son or daughter. Gold retains its purchasing power year after year.

Not long ago the gold standard imposed monetary discipline on countries as they had to hold enough gold to cover the money in circulation but this all changed with the Jamaica agreement in 1971 when the decision was taken by President Nixon on the 15th August 1971 to suspend the direct convertibility of dollars into gold, the keystone of the financial system created in July 1944 (the Bretton Woods Agreement).  On the 1st October 1971 the general assembly of the IMF asked the board of trustees to study and propose a comprehensive reform.  This would be adopted by member States during a meeting held in Kingston (Jamaica) on the 7th and 8th January 1976, and included a set of provisions which put an end to the reign of gold.  The US money supply in 1971 was $776 billion and quickly became an upward curve which rose dramatically over the last decade where the US money supply doubled from below $7 trillion to $14.3 trillion indicating that spending is out of control.

What is the effect as the US and other governments including the UK go on this spending spree. It means that the risk of sovereign debt default becomes very high indeed. We have already seen Iceland’s debt rise to 7 times GDP and then go into financial melt down and economic depression. This is a warning and recently Greece has been the sick man of the Euro world  with its debt forecast to reach 130% of GDP, its credit rating cut, the country in turmoil and it has placed pressure on the Euro itself.  The UK has not reached that level yet, but we are heading that way with debt estimated to be 65% of GDP this year and a forecast for 78% by 2015.  Japan the world’s second largest economy has debt of twice its GDP but continues to spend. In the Euro zone Spain, Italy, Portugal former Eastern European countries all face serious financial issues.

Most worrying is that the US, whose dollar is still the world’s reserve currency, has debts of 100% of GDP and budget deficits over the next few years will send that figure soaring. Their solution instead of cutting expenditures is create more fiat currency which will inevitably lead to devaluation of the dollar.  There are already moves afoot to seek alternatives lead by Russia and China and gold has featured in their strategies. China’s long term goal is to dominate financially and replace the US and they are currently playing a political game as they have up to 2 trillion in dollar assets that they do not want to destroy but off load at the best value.

It comes as no surprise that both China and Russia are increasing their gold reserves along with India who recently bough 200 tonnes from the IMF to back its financial commitments. China is now the worlds largest producer of gold and has recently surpassed India as the worlds greatest consumer and actively encourage their citizens to put part of their savings into gold.  China has a predicament in that it wants its central bank to diversify into gold without increasing the gold price and to shed dollar assets without devaluing the dollar so they are building reserves from internal sources and buying small quantities during price dips.  The UK made a very bad move when Gordon Brown sold off 395 tonnes of gold a decade ago when gold was at less than 25% of todays value. In light of the of the world economic situation this was doubly bad as gold reserves are more important than ever.

In summary:

• Currency is not money and its value can be changed by monetary policy makers
• Currency can be created and printed at will with no substance to support it
• Currency depreciation in value is accelerating with subsequent loss of purchasing power
• National debt is increasing to disastrous levels with threat of sovereign debt default
• Confidence in the  USD is waning and its use as a reserve currency is under threat
• Countries and investors are shedding their dollar assets
• Central Banks are diversifying into gold and out of dollar assets
• Smart investors are diversifying their portfolios with a proportion of gold
• The value of gold has been consistent in retaining its purchasing power
• Gold is insurance for your wealth
• Gold is the only real money

The price of gold rose to its all time high in December 2009 to $1212 an ounce and since then it dropped to a low of $1048 but now is in a period of consolidation of just above $1100 which follows a pattern that has been consistent over the last decade. It is likely that we will face another financial crisis due  irresponsible printing of currency, the risk of sovereign debt and political pressure. Of the millions of investors throughout the world only a tiny proportion see gold other than as a commodity. Central banks have seen the need to diversify into gold. The discerning investor understands that apart from ROI gold is a protection for wealth and the person who holds gold will see out a crisis and that has been proved time and again throughout history.  Once a greater proportion of investors become educated in the need to diversify, as they inevitably will, the price of gold will rocket.  Now is the time to protect your wealth in the safest investment – GOLD and I would recommend that you invest in the form of gold coins and in the UK gold sovereigns.

For details of the worlds most popular investment coins http://goldcoin.org/investment-coins/

Maurice Hall

The role of the Dollar in the Bretton Woods Agreement

Behind the changes that led to the Jamaica agreement can be found the decision taken by President Nixon on the 15th August 1971 to suspend the direct convertibility of dollars into gold, the keystone of the financial system created in July 1944 (the Bretton Woods Agreement).  On the 1st October 1971 the general assembly of the IMF asked the board of trustees to study and propose a comprehensive reform.  This would be adopted by member States during a meeting held in Kingston (Jamaica) on the 7th and 8th January 1976, and included a set of provisions which put an end to the reign of gold.  The decisions taken focussed on two main points:

1. The new exchange rate system

Member countries had to refrain from manipulating their exchange rate for competitive reasons and had to choose between three possibilities:
- not assigning a parity to their currency which floats freely on foreign exchange markets ;
- fixing the value of their currency by pegging it to another currency or Special Drawing Rights ( SDR )*– not to gold;
- linking the value of their currency to one or various other currencies as part of cooperation mechanisms

2. The role of gold

The solution presented was a compromise between the French argument that pushed for gold to remain part of the organization and running of the international monetary system and the American policy that had for a long time wanted gold to be withdrawn from its supreme position.  The agreement withdrew the status of the IMF and all references to gold and replaced it and its core functions with SDR whose dollar value is posted daily on the IMF website.  The consolation for gold was that central banks were given back the freedom to carry out transactions with metal without restrictions on them or the market.

This desire to remove gold as the standard parity system and to abolish the official price of the metal was completed by:

- abolishing obligatory payments in gold for operations between the IMF and member countries;

- obliging the IMF to get rid of a third of its gold holdings (50 million ounces) by returning half to Member states at the old price ($ 35 an ounce) and by selling the other half through public auctions.

Again we must add that the abolition of the official price of gold resulted in central banks being able to carry out transactions at a price derived from the market and to reassess metal stocks in their possession (as was very quickly the case of France and Italy).

Even if the United States made it known that they would continue to assess their reserve at the old official price of $ 42.22 an ounce and even if the first auction by the IMF lowered the price of gold on the world markets, at least for short periods, we can say that in the fact the results expected by the American policy and the IMF were a long way from being achieved.  The price of gold and gold itself still remain important elements of a vast political game: all things considered, if gold has survived, it’s because it has not stopped being the official metal that governments didn’t want it to be and wanted to forget.

Today - As the dollar struggles and the new gold giants Russia, China and India are all looking in different ways towards gold as the international medium to back commitments or in the long term to oust the dollar as the international reserve currency. Closer to home the crisis that rose to the surface in 2008 has caused us to once again look at the stabilisation that resulted in the Bretton Woods agreement, which collapsed, partially due to economic expansion in excess of the gold standard’s funding abilities on the part of the United States and other member nations. However, the problems of currency systems not pegged to gold lead to economic problems far worse.

Both France and Britain have envisage such a stabilization. French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown were recalling the previous success and called for a “new Bretton Woods” agreement in October 2008. What Sarkozy and Brown envisaged was a new multilateral agreement to stabilize international finance in the 21st century, the way the 1944 conference, which established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, stabilized financial relations among countries in the second half of the 20th century. The summit meeting of world leaders held in Washington, D.C., in November 2008 started a process that could lead to such an agreement. What would that take to succeed? What kind of leadership, and what kind of commitment, would be needed? History offers some useful lessons.

On several occasions throughout the 20th century, political leaders in major countries sought international agreements on the global economic or financial architecture. Many of those efforts failed, Bretton Woods being the major exception. The central lesson that emerges from these efforts is that successful reform in response to a crisis requires three ingredients:

1. effective and legitimate leadership combined with inclusive participation;
2. clearly stated and broadly shared goals
3. a realistic road map for reaching those goals.

The goals, achievements also that which is deferred is dependant on the participant countries. New rules in finance can only be devised by the those who are the major players in the financial markets, industrial and emerging markets. The more inclusive the participants in the next Bretton Woods the more likely to conclude with  long lasting benefits

* The SDR is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement its member countries’ official reserves. Its value is based on a basket of four key international currencies, and SDRs can be exchanged for freely usable currencies. With a general SDR allocation that took effect on August 28 and a special allocation on September 9, 2009, the amount of SDRs increased from SDR 21.4 billion to SDR 204.1 billion (equivalent to about $ 321 billion).

Maurice Hall –  based on extracts from Jules Lepidi’s book gold and article by JM Boughton IMF Historian

What if the future of anti-crisis investments involved virtually managing real gold?

The economic crisis that came to the surface in 2008, whilst not being comfortable, had at least brought to our attention many shortcomings, whilst today there is not the panic, the underlying causes still have not gone away and the risk of systemic failure is still real. States and governments for decades had great faith in the financial establishments, banks, credit agencies, specialised savings companies (some even public); but short comings and failure occurred again and again.  Billions of pounds of our money went into bailing out many of our best known financial institutions and even paying out to ordinary British investors who put their money into what was thought to be the safe haven of Icelandic banks, that fell in a systemic collapse that left the county bankrupt. Not only were the small personal investors caught out but to a greater or lesser degree so were many of our local government administrators, who lost millions, causing a shortfall in local services. Should Iceland pay this money back to Britain, morally yes, but they have voted overwhelmingly no and I can understand this as “charity begins at home”.

Today the fear of investors, and ordinary people, is still not so much knowing whether their economies are reasonably successful but knowing that they are simply not volatile.  We know that the UK government guarantees bank deposits up to £50,000 per person per banking licence, but to what extent?  What if a massive failure, that the Madoff case should have put an end to, occurred?. What if the largest UK banks went into liquidation?   How much would these guarantees be worth for the public economy when compensating for tens of thousands of people?  Wouldn’t Great Britain itself then become bankrupt as happened in Iceland?

Even those that don’t have £50,000 in the bank and they are the majority; but even more so amongst those who do or have even more than £50,000, there are a growing number of individuals who no longer have confidence in banks and who when all things are considered prefer to empty their bank accounts and retrieve their gold to protect their “nest egg” at home “under the mattress” . It is less secure even without taking into consideration the risk of fire, flood, theft or any other disaster, but ultimately, are these risks, even combined, really higher than seeing the bank collapse and then seeing the State being unable to meet the guarantees it has given?

Another sign of the times is the growing Internet trend of institutions that can be described as “semi-banks” such as Paypal, Moneybookers or Google Checkout.  Each day, millions of transactions are carried out between individuals and professionals that are beyond the control of banks (no cheque, transfer, or bank card transaction) but also delivery services (no cash either!)

100% virtual, what a good idea.  After all, thanks to debt-money, which is what banks have been doing for decades, you borrow money that has never been struck (in the technical sense of the term) and only as a last resort (withdrawal from a cash machine or bank) do you convert it into tangible money.  Besides, even your salary is virtual.  It is nothing more than a set of records between two banks, via the intermediary central bank (which we call the clearing house, which never compensates pound for pound, for reasons inherent to the monetary system).

The best formula and the most reassuring, is without doubt the most balanced.  It would be to combine virtual, with secure and tangible assets (gold, silver etc), which are more secure than the bank system.

“Gold is not an investment, it doesn’t earn anything.  It’s a security blanket when monetary markers disappear.  Which is the biggest risk: having gold or not having gold? Not having it of course.”  – Simone Wapier Chief editor MoneyWeek

Maurice Hall