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They have plenty of pertinent and interesting information (free to download) on why, how and what to invest such as their LinGold Brochure and of course our favourite the LinGold Gold Coin Guide which helps the novice and expert alike.

LinGold.com, we applaud your arrival and wish you every success for the future.
Ps. We’ve already signed up as Members (which is free and took less than 1 minute)

Gold has always fascinated with its attractive, brilliant and glistening appearance but also because of the intrinsic properties of this precious metal. No wonder that it has played an important role in history since its discovery. Thus, for many people, gold has been at the heart of their culture, such as the Inca civilization which referred to gold as the “perspiration of the Sun”. They bestowed gifts in gold, made statues of gold, wore gold and in fact gold was everywhere around them. But in addition to this cultural role, gold very quickly acquired another role: that of Money.
While currency wars and devaluations are very much a thing of today, we have taken a trip back into the past to look at the origins of one of the first real currencies… and who knows, one that may again take its place again in the near future as a trusted, true exchange of value.

Money, a concept born of necessity

Before money existed, goods were traded in a form of exchanges and bartering. Livestock such as oxen, horses and sheep, commodities like wheat, fruit & vegetables, wood, silver and of course gold were all traded against each other depending on needs (demand) and availability (supply). However, there was an obvious difficulty that would arise which was how to equate the value of items to each other. There needed to be a reference value so that prices could be agreed upon and defined as quantities of this “stable” known value. There was also the problem of giving change or what to do if you only had enough to buy half a sheep and we’re hungry!

A popular and plausible hypothesis by Hauser* was that as gold was also being traded against various goods, its weight was used to agree an exchange. Soon people realised that gold could easily be divided into different weights which equated to multiples of its value and therefore the value of other commodities. This led to the concept that of weights of gold were indeed useful “units of value” and quickly prices for oxen, sacks of wheat etc became equivalent to a certain weight of Gold.
Naturally gold started to become a reference point for the exchange of all goods particularly because it was easily divisible and impossible to fake.

The birth of gold coins

In Egypt, gold was exchanged against goods in the form of rings which had fixed weights and therefore different multiples of value could be used for pricing goods. Elsewhere however, gold stayed in the form of ingots for a long time but their weights were often variable and trading was tedious because of these discrepancies. Weight variations meant that trades were seldom a direct equivalent to the goods being traded and so much haggling ensued.
In search of something more convenient, reliable and safe, small gold discs of a fixed weight were made and each one had a value struck on it. They were easier to carry around and allowed trade to be more flexible, retail as well as wholesale.
Thus the first gold coins were born and indeed the first recognisable currency. This took place around 700 BC according to Erik Chanel.

Whilst gold was not the only metal used for coins – silver has been widely used as well- gold, however, was the ideal metal because of its unique combination of properties such as: it is stainless, rustproof, divisible, malleable, ductile and of course rare, which made it from the outset a symbol of riches.

Is Money as good as Gold

We have previously mentioned the Gold Standard on Goldcoin.org which has several meanings depending on the era.
The Gold Specie Standard was a system that associated units of money to gold coins in circulation or when lesser metal coins drew their reference of monetary value from a circulating gold coin.

The Gold Exchange Standard was when circulating coins made of various metals such as silver and copper drew their reference monetary value from a fixed value of gold independent of their own metal value.
Finally, there was the Gold Bullion Standard which did not involve circulating coins. This was when governments had agreed to sell gold bullion at a fixed price in exchange for a quantity of circulating currency. In other words, each unit of currency effectively had a value related to gold. This allowed the mass introduction of paper currency, which was easily transportable and practical for payments.
It was also the mechanism which allowed banks to not only look after your gold deposits as they had previously but led to the credit creation system, fractional reserve banking, loans and mortgages. The problem here was that greed got the better of bankers who realised they could lend more than they had in Gold reserves and print paper money whenever they wanted as long as nobody caught them out. Sound familiar.
If you are interested in the story of money, banking and the credit crisis have a look at this video when you have a chance. It’s very relevant to our current problems.

Without Gold, Money as Debt

Anyway, the Gold Bullion Standard ended in 1971 when Nixon felt the strain of expenditures from the Vietnam War and he effectively untied the value of the dollar to gold. This also effectively untied all the other currencies which had been part of the Bretton Woods Agreement to form the IMF (International Monetary Fund) in 1944.

Paper is worth as much as Paper!

So nowadays currencies are not “covered” by a relationship to gold or a fixed unit of reference so they can be extremely volatile, easily devalued and printed at infinitum. The problem is that today’s money is based on pieces of paper that are printed with a value but there only real value is the piece of paper they are printed on. Currency value comes from economic confidence. When there is none the currency becomes worthless and it is not because the central bank has printed a number on a piece of paper that it becomes meaningful.
What actually counts is whether anybody will accept the paper in return for goods or services or dare I say it an oxen or two. We’re back where we started. The value of currency has to be real and cannot be created otherwise it will not be accepted.
Much of the problems we face today are because an excess of credit has led to an excess of debt. Pressure on currencies causes devaluation which in turn decreases the value of assets, investments and therefore wealth.
This is causing people to look for ways of protecting their wealth outside of paper money. This brings us full circle to gold which has proved through the ages to be the best safe haven for value.
The choices today are to own a physical asset that will always maintain its value i.e. Gold or to invest in the labyrinth of debt ridden, financial institutions whose products are heavily advertised but rarely realised for the poor customer. They spend more on marketing their wares than they do in paying out customers at term. Remember HSBC charging 80% over the 32 year term of a pension fund leaving some poor old retired guy broke. He’s in no position to fight back especially with the expensive legal eagles they can afford with his hard earned money!

Should we return to a Gold Standard?

Unfortunately, that is virtually impossible because there isn’t enough gold to go around. There are only 20m3 in the world and about another 100,000 tonnes in the ground. There would have to be a huge devaluation of currencies to restart the Gold Standard and of course it’s unpopular with Central banks as they would have to behave properly.
We referred recently to the state of Utah and how people are taking the matter into their own hands because they require more certainty about the money they earn and spend. The dollar has failed them and so they are now looking at creating their own Gold currency which will maintain value better than the greenback.
It would seem we have turned full circle and more and more people are turning to Gold because it offers a safe haven for their savings and is an insurance against instability.
Gold coins are an excellent investment vehicle and more and more people are turning to the value of gold. Gold coins are actually worth more than their weight in gold because they have a dual leverage. The gold content of the coin increases in value with the spot price and the premium (added value) of a coin increases with demand. During a crisis or unstable economic conditions the premium of certain coins can rise more than 40% irrespective of the spot price.

Gold as a future currency?

Gold as a currency of the future may seem far-fetched but given the state of paper money and the interest in Gold who knows, it is already being planned as an alternative stable money in certain places. Even if gold coins do not re-enter circulation they are being used as a more certain tangible investment.
Some of the most popular coins for investment are those commonly sought the world over such as the Krugerrand, The British Sovereign, The American Eagle and the French Napoleon.
These are a way of preserving your wealth and savings in something of real, timeless value.

* H. Hauser, Gold, Vuibert & Nony publishers, Paris, p.307.

Regular readers may remember our recent article on “Gold, an alternative Currency of Confidence?”
We discussed that alternative currencies are not a new phenomenon and have taken various forms in countries such as Canada, Australia, USA and the UK.

A common theme for their introduction was that they were local currencies introduced to stimulate local economies by encouraging customers to shop close to home and support local businesses. They were also the product of peoples’ dissatisfaction with Globalisation and its’ impact or even control of National economics and policies.

Alternative currencies reflect the frustration of being “controlled” by Goliath and is”David” saying “I’m taking back control because I don’t trust you, your policies, your strategies, your empty promises, your ability to manage the economy, your concern for regular citizens or your failing, devalued, paper money”.

This is exactly the case in the state of Utah where a proposal in the Legislature has been submitted that would require government agencies to accept gold in transactions. This would effectively create a parallel monetary policy that would fix “currency” values directly to the price of gold for business carried out within the state. It would equate to the introduction of a state-wide Gold Standard.

In fact if the current draft legislation succeeds it would mean that residents of Utah could mint their own gold coins. The logistics required to secure these would include the governor arming and calling on the Utah Defence Force to police stock movements and storage vaults.

The proposal was brought to the attention of Republican John Dougall who opened the bill and he commented “I think it has merit”. He added “Fundamentally, what it comes down to is people’s concern about the fundamentally reckless policies at the federal reserve and what it does long-term to the financial standing of the country and giving folks another choice of monetary tools for their financial transactions”.

Will US Debt and Quantitative Easing see the Dollar fail?

People are genuinely concerned that the soaring National debt, now over $14 Trillion, and the printing of more dollars to buy up the debt, will eventually devalue the dollar too far. Therefore they would like to have an option if things do go pear-shaped.

There is no intention of making this compulsory but at least it provides citizens with a choice to pay their taxes in gold. It seems rather strange that a country whose Government forcibly confiscated gold back in the thirties may now be forced to accept it as payment for taxes. It is also curious that regular people like Larry Hilton, an attorney and insurance salesman who drafted the proposal “Utah Sound Money Act”, are taking the lead in looking to the benefits of gold. Surely Governments should take a lead in restoring confidence for their own currency?

It would appear that “Goliath” is behest of ideas and resigned to fail whereas “David” has an eye on the future and wants to preserve and protect his personal wealth.

It proves that you don’t have to be a financial expert or big city hot-shot to understand the value of gold. Gold’s value has transcended the ages and it always keeps its purchasing power and better than any currency ever created. You can buy a cow today for the same 2 ounces of Gold you needed 300 years ago! No fiat currency can compete with that.

There are of course certain practicalities to address before any new coins are introduced, such as an agreed exchange rate, denominations and how change would be given. Any private minting of coins would be governed by regulatory standards.

However, if the legislation is passed it does mean that one day soon folk could pop down to McDonalds and pay for their hamburger with their own gold coins – then that would bring a whole new meaning to the “Golden Arches” and “McNuggets”!!!

The weakness of the dollar, the instability of the European economies and the volatility of United States bonds has scared investors. India is the principal consumer of gold. China is the principal global gold producer. Is there any link here? Despite this reality, and with gold prices at historic highs, China and India are continuing to buy major quantities of precious metals. In fact, the quantities are so high that they are becoming the pillars which are supporting the upward trend in the value of the troy ounce for 2011.

The gigantic Chinese economy is driving the bullion market, coins and gold assets upwards. Bloomberg obtained a report from Shanghai Gold Exchange in which it states that China moved from purchasing 45 metric tonnes of gold in 2009 to a projected 230 metric tonnes for 2010.

At the same time, China’s Ministry of Industry and Technology reported last December that the exporting and importing of non-ferrous metals for this country grew year on year in the first eleven months of the year and reached 108,480 million dollars.

Individual Investment pushes up demand

The increased demand comes mainly from individual investors who prefer to hold physical gold as a safe haven for their wealth. Shen Xuangrong, Chairman of the Shanghai Gold Exchange, stated a few days ago that this interest was mainly due to the expectations of an increase in inflation in this Asian country.

Between January and October last year, the amount of precious metal traded on the Shanghai Gold Exchange increased by 43%, according to its Chairman, Shen Xuangrong. Approximately 20% of these transactions were made on behalf of individuals.

In August of 2010, the Central Bank of China reported that it was going to authorise more Banks to be able to buy and sell gold. It also stated that it was going to makes the regulations for the gold market more flexible to enable more firms to be able to operate in this segment.

More than a million Indian Weddings this Spring!

India has already demonstrated that it occupies a prominent place in the purchasing of bullion, coins and gold assets due to jewellery being accumulated in March in readiness for the wedding season. This year it is very probably that the trend will be repeated: there are more than a million weddings planned to take place in April and May in India and this triggers a strong demand for precious metals, especially gold.

The growing demand for gold jewellery, together with an increase in the demand for bullion and gold coins, demonstrates the popularity of the metal in India. Moreover, for many Indians it represents a safe investment compared with the volatility of paper money.

India is responsible for one quarter of the global imports of gold. China has made changes to its regulations for importing precious metals. Everything seems to indicate that it will shortly become the new leader in gold imports. And not only that: “In the medium and long term, China will be a decisive factor in determining the price of gold “, said Yuichi Ikemizu, Chief commodities analyst at Standard Bank in Tokyo.

Invest with trepidation because most traditional ways like savings accounts, property, government bonds, shares, hedge funds etc are inevitably taking a risk by sharing someone else’s debt. Your investment helps them create even more credit and therefore fictitious money. This credit enters a worldwide cycle that continues to spiral upwards. World debt is out of control and nobody has an answer to “if” it can ever be paid. The so-called strongest economy in the world, the US, currently has an annual budget requirement of $3.5 Trillion. US Government income is $2 Trillion annually and this could decrease with decreasing tax revenues caused by unemployment. It therefore borrows $1.5 Trillion just to stand still.
Who is lending them this money?
What is it guaranteed against? (is it guaranteed?)
How much interest are they paying?
Can they afford the interest?
Can they ever afford to repay it all back?

Writing the questions is the easy part but finding coherent answers, well…
Truth is the US is fabricating at least $1.5 Trillion a year to balance their books and the money markets are complicit in this deceit as it’s also in their interest to carry on fictitious “credit trading” which is still making them money. One has to also imagine the amount of interest being paid for this level of debt and not forget that this significant amount has to be added to the annual deficit, therefore compounding it’s enormity.

There is not enough money in the world to cover current World debt and it’s increasing daily (as is the interest due on all of it).

World annually budget deficits are estimated at $6 Trillion a year.
Where is or who has this amount of money available to lend?
Historically paper money is created in line with National Gold reserves so all money should have a gold equivalent. This is no longer the case because the world needs $6 Trillion a year to stand still and cover it’s deficits but annual world production of gold only equals $100 Billion.
Every time we “invest”, pay our mortgage or simply put our salaries in the bank we are encouraging this cycle and allowing more debt to be created to apparently pay off the current debt. This is like paying off a credit card bill including interest with another credit card that has even higher interest. The first debt is paid by creating a second even bigger and more costly one.

Why would anyone want to invest in this?

Probably because their choice of options is limited to traditional methods by the very people creating the debt.
What they don’t want you to do is withdraw your money from the cycle because that hurts them. They don’t really care if your investment makes money eventually, just like pensions are eroded with excessive management fees & middle men commissions.
BBC’s Panorama recently revealed how HSBC took £99,900 from a £120,000 pension pot ie. 80%. Obviously their only interest is getting your money now and making excessive amounts themselves. We’ve seen too many examples of their excuses when honest folk realise a lifetime of paying in = heartbreak and “sorry” at term because their investment has evaporated in the system of debt.

Everyone except the Brits are doing it!

So where is the sanctuary for my money?
Well plenty of Central Banks, Corporate investors, Private fortunes and populations across Europe are turning to Gold. Why? Because it’s real, physical gold and at term will still be there and worth something. It is also NOT somebody else’s debt and therefore NOT reliant on some fund or company staying in business for however long. Gold is a real, tangible asset that has been valued by humans for over 6000 years. We can’t invent gold we have to mine it. There is a limited world supply and increasing demand year on year. Industry needs it, Dentists need it, Jewellers need it and Bankers need it to guarantee their currency and circulating money supply.

The truth is the World is bankrupt but nobody wants to admit it!
It’s time to hold on to your valuables to survive the next crisis and Gold has and will always be valuable.

Strangely enough the US has a big problem here because there is $15 Trillion in the banking system and only $0.35 Trillion of gold reserves to back it up.Technically there should obviously be $15 Trillion of gold. This means that if every dollar was taken back to the bank to be cashed in against it’s value in gold $14.65 Trillion would be worthless!!! Do you now see the problem? Even the less mathematically proficient can see this problem is so big it’s maybe impossible to fix – ever!
The economic model for this is simple and is based on GREED.

Gold is not somebody else’s debt!

If you really want to preserve personal wealth in a durable form for the future then the choice is simple:

1. Invest into the Black Hole of World debt?
2. Invest into a debt free, real, physical asset that you control and can manage how you wish?

Don’t be fooled by thinking that you can’t do something because you’ve never done it before or because the option is made difficult by those who wish to profit from you.

Gold is Good
Debt is Bad
Gold will still be real
When the paper debt’s been had!

It is true that the value of Gold can go up and down but remember we live in a different world since the sub-prime and Banking crises. Observe the trends in Gold prices over the last ten years at http://www.kitco.com/charts/livegold.html and judge for yourself!

References:
Thanks to Jason Hommel at

http://www.24hgold.com/english/news-gold-silver-low-inflation–massive-gold-rise-.aspx?article=3160143892G10020&redirect=false&contributor=Jason+Hommel#Commentaires1_tableCom

BBC Panorama “Who took my pension?” 04Oct 2010

http://www.smartmoney.com/compoundcalc/

Where would we turn to if the known currencies of the world suddenly devalued and became worthless in real terms?
Throughout history there have been instances when all faith has been lost in the official currency usually because it has become worthless and therefore all confidence has been lost. However, people have always looked for an alternative to maintain commerce and everyday survival. This has sometimes taken the form of bartering but its limitations are often in the assignement of some recognisable value to a wide range of goods and services. There has to be some common denominator and unit value that is commonly recognised and therefore allows the cycle of trade to turn.
During the French revolution the state coffers were completely empty and so the emerging Constitutuional Assembly created a system based on “assignats” which gained their value through selling off assets of the church. These “assignats” would be guarenteed by the state and the objective was to reconstruct a functioning economy. However, they became greatly over subscribed to the tune of 47 billion causing inflation, zero rates of interest and ultimately ended in collapse.

Alternative Currencies are not new!

Around the world there are numerous examples of local currencies which have been introduced to promote local business, local produce, customer loyalty and awareness to trade issues and climate control. They all tend to be run in parallel to the national currency but are based on creating a thriving local, fully functioning economy incentivised by promotions and discounts. In recent years they have been launched in the UK as part of the Transitions Towns initiative and these include the Totnes Pound, The Brixton Pound, The Stroud Pound and the Lewes Pound. Lewes had previously had introduced its own currency in 1789 which lasted until 1895. These pounds are obtained by exchanging pounds sterling for equivalent face value “local” pounds. Various denominations have evolved such as th 5, 10 and 21 Lewes pounds issued in 2009. There have also been schemes in the US such as the BerksShares in Massachusets which are bought for 95 cents yet worth $1. These are available in 1,5,10,20 &50 denominations. Similarly there have been examples in Canada with the Toronto Dollar, the Calgary Dollar and also in Australia with the Baroon Dollar. Most of these initiatives have been launched since 2006 or later and may well be a local solution in the fightback against the worldwide economic problems. They are viewed as trustworthy currency with real value to the local economy and in certain cases well-meaning because of the positive impact they have on local services and properity. Although these models function locally they do demonstrate a widening appeal for taking control of currency and introducing stability to the functioning of an economy.

Are National Economies really functioning?

If they are then for who are they functioning- surely not the majority?
What’s happened to the Utopia of Globalisation?
One has to ask where we are heading with the daily drivel of mixed messages to suit the medias demand for sound bites and politicians short term ambitions for themselves far outweighing the long term requirements of the National interest (daily or decades of proof – take your pick!).

What can be said of today’s global currencies which are currently being prostituted by their governments in a global exchange war to meet their “protectionism” objectives by stealth. Who is controlling their value and to what end?

The “trust” in these currencies is gradually being eroded to the point that Central Banks and the big ”clever” money of investors are seeking sanctuary in what may be the only true trustworthy currency – physical gold.
This is fine for the multi-billionaires of this world like George Soros who can afford vaults of the stuff but what about the smaller investor.
A clue may be in Switzerland where Faude & Hauguenin, celebrated goldsmiths, have recently produced 2,000 Goldhans for a private customer who is a swiss businessman with specialist expertise in the gold market. These beautiful pîeces are 99.99%, 31.1g of pure gold with an individual value of 1,400 swiss francs ( £915 ). Was this really his own idea? He is in negotiations with several banks about the purchase of Goldhans and he’s even considering a move to make them official currency and legal tender. Is this a statement of intent regarding the lack of confidence in the Euros, Dollars or Swiss Francs he would normally use – obviously for him the value of Gold is a sure one. Is it a statement of intent regarding the destiny of any paper currency that has lost the market confidence its value is based on?

Is it time to think that Gold may well become the only currency we can truly rely on?

It may also be time to consider exactly what is a trustworthy currency for the future and will it be issued by central banks or entrepeneurs we can trust?
For the moment it’s not possible and the Swiss National Bank forbids the circulation of all “new” money. These Goldhans are not yet ready to take the place of the Vreneli and in legal terms they are merely round ingots with serial numbers in a limited edition.
So why raise this example? Well it demonstrates the interest that some may have in creating a “private” money or currency of confidence at a time when traditional currency is losing its appeal on a daily basis in the unpredictability of ever fluctuating foreign exchanges around the world.

So, could this Swiss busineesman’s Goldhans one day become a type of alternative to the so called real currencies? A Currency of Confidence with ongoing real lasting and meaningful value? A dream or reality? We shall see……. when the austerity measures around Europe are judged, deficits reduced or not and belief in the status quo of currency and its current custodians is ultimately maintained or evaporated.

Paul McGOWAN

During World War II the British sovereign was the only tangible and reliable currency in Greece and they were hoarded and hidden in every conceivable place. A girls dowry would often include a cache of sovereigns.  They were parachuted in to fund the Greek resistance to the German occupation. War is a crisis but now the Greek population face the crisis of being unable to repay its debts and once again they turn to the sovereign as the currency of choice.

It is remarkable and a tribute to the sovereign that it remained legal currency long after the war due to the unstable drachma until eventually in 1965  the Greek government placed restrictions on trading resulting in many hoarders cashing in their stocks. Even so at the slightest hint of uncertainty, and there have been many, the Greeks turned to their favourite foreign gold coin.

Greece has not really had a true period of financial stability for decades and markets are wondering whether they will default on repaying their debt given past behaviour  so the uncertainties  are understandable. The population is in panic resorting to strikes and riots and fear that Greece may leave the eurozone.

Once again  have returned to their known safe haven, the sovereign, as a hedge against financial collapse causing the the demand to increase year on year and the price to rise dramatically. For weeks citizens have been queueing at Athens central bank to buy sovereigns and have been prepared to pay the highest prices. It is estimated that in the first 4 months of the year 50,000 sovereigns were sold legally and as the demand increased so did the black market  and at least 100,000 were sold illegally with price up to €300 (£252).  The uncertainty and fear has driven people to pay a huge premium of almost 40% over the current value of the gold content to protect their wealth.

Without doubt the British sovereign has been the gold coin that has world wide recognition as mechanism for survival  whether it be a financial or physical crisis – see our article “Gold sovereigns open doors”

Maurice Hall

There are two camps of how to return the UK economy to growth and reduces our heavy debt, spend and cut or simply cut. What ever your personal view the new coalition government has decided that we will swallow the austerity pill with drastic cuts.  This has gone down well and the pound is at its strongest against the euro since November 2008 and the euro itself strengthened after the European central Bank has tightened monetary conditions.

We have seen a pull back in the gold price, but is this down to austerity which is the new buzz word in the UK and Europe. So as we start to live within our means does that mean that the need for gold as an insurance is weakened ?. We are rightly entangled in European economics as this is what affects our daily lives, but we found in 2008 that greed and subsequent collapse in America created an economic crisis in Europe, the worse since 1929 and the great depression. We are still feeling the affects and the steps taken to pump the economy lead to unprecedented sovereign debts and the collapse of economies in southern Europe. However, gold is intrinsically linked to the dollar so nothing has changed as the US try and spend there way out of the downturn, print more money to devalue the currency and have huge sovereign debt.

In the UK with CPI above 3% and more significantly the RPI above 5% it is virtually impossible after taxation  to get a ROI that does not lose money over the year. So that combined with economic fragility that could still lead to contagion means the case for gold is still strong.

What we are seeing is the seasonal adjustment that has been running for the last 40 years.  Gold has followed both seasonal and super cycles for decades and we are in the summer adjustment as predicted by my article on this blog in March (When is a good time to buy gold ?). However, gold has been stronger than my prediction by more than $100 per ounce, driven by more exposure to the fragility of world economies and unprecedented demand.  In fact we reached the end of year high I predicted before going into the summer recess so I would expect the price to now rise in Q4 to beyond $1300.  Traditionally investors who bought in summer made money by selling in Q4 a simple short term gain that has been repeated time and again.  Look also to the supercycle where the cycle and the seasonality meet in Q4 2011 and expect at least $1500 per ounce for the longer term investment.

The case for gold has not weakened and now is the time to buy gold the bull has a long way to run. Think also about ROI as gold and particularly legal tender gold coins (sovereigns and Britannias) stand out as a way to beat inflation and taxation. We have the best conditions in the UK for investing in gold coins no VAT or TAX applied.

Maurice Hall

In June our sister site (L’Or et l’Argent) has run a series of articles that follow the theme of a “house of cards” starting with Greece whose only resources, tourism and olive oil are not enough to lift them out of bankruptcy and a similar situation in Portugal. The next contagion is Spain, an economic giant in comparison, where unemployment is rife and debt would reach €225 billion in 2010. Although Spanish debt continues to grow, it remains lower than France which is the largest in the euro zone. Outside of the Euro Great Britain is cited as a contender for a “house of cards” following austerity measures announced at the budget and the marginalisation  of the GBP as we through national pride refused to join the eurozone.

This is an interesting take from a European prospective and draws attention to the two trains of thought in economic growth. The 2008 economic crisis still affects us today, we in the UK and most of the western world are in an era of fragility that needs to be stabilised. We could attempt to spend your way out of it as and stabilise growth before taking cost cutting measures as was the policy of the labour party or cut back immediately and risk stifling any growth. Meanwhile across the Atlantic Barack Obama seems to believe that the US can just spend their way out of it and print more dollars.

To me, if likened to a house hold, first you must recognise your debt and here in the UK we have gigantic debts to overcome, then you must take action. Spending on plastic has its day of reckoning and eventual you must cut your card in half, review expenditure and come up with a budget  that enables you to pay essential bills  and gradually repay your excesses with money saved. The economy of the country is no different, to improve your credit rating you cut wasteful spending, improve efficiency and live within means to gradually ease the sovereign debt. Austerity measures in the UK seems to have won respect in world markets as GBP has risen both against the Euro and the USD and the FTSE 100 has recovered to over 5100. More importantly the economy has grown marginally in the manufacturing section.

I have to say I have been pro Euro particularly when we could have joined in a position of strength but now I am in many ways glad we are still separate. Despite the Euro’s recent rally there is too much of a divide between the countries in the Euro zone, the efficient North and the chaotic South to the extent that the Germans would like to get out of the Euro as they feel they do not want to support the fragility of countries in crisis such as Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy.

Do not the French and other eurozone countries recognize that the cost of pensions will drive many countries to bankruptcy. When many Europeans look at the UK, they scoff particularly at the raising of the pension age that is likely to reach 70 over a period of time.  There average ages of retirement age varies but in most countries people retire in their fifties and in Italy and France only 12%  are working beyond 60 years old.

Citizens should realise that there is a pensions time bomb with the average continental EU state pension equating to almost 60% of salary and with a much longer period of retirement, governments cannot afford it and it will drive many countries to bankruptcy.  A recent survey of 25 countries scored the UK highly and the affordability and sustainability of our pensions and France at the bottom. Those countries with such generous pensions and early retirement ages simply can no longer afford them and it will drive them to ruin. There needs to be a massive reformation, not only to increase working age  but to reduce the actual value, which would be so unpopular that one wonders if the their governments have the guts to take the action necessary.

In another time we should be screaming at our government at the unfairness of our pensions which are the lowest in Europe but with the aging population, the ratio of workers to pensions set to double and the current crisis we are in a stronger position to survive than our neighbours. Meanwhile proposals to raise the retirement age in France have typically been met with mass protests for what is a diminutive step to fight debt.

I am not suggesting by any means that there is reason for complacency in the UK situation and there is still danger of stalling economic growth as the cuts bite deeper but at least we have recognised the seriousness of sovereign debt while other bury their heads in the sand.

In the fragile countries of the eurozone, where sovereign debt could precipitate a financial collapse and even  in countries that fear the contagion, people are turning to gold as a protection and nowhere more so than in the strongest economy, Germany, where there is unprecedented investment in gold. In Britain we do not have a history with private individuals turning to  gold but rather we might buy a gold coin for commemorative purposes.  We are fortunate that we have so far not suffered hyper inflation, major currency devaluation or physical invasion so we do not hoard gold or in general even understand how gold can protect family wealth even though we have some of the best conditions in the world for gold investment. No VAT, no Capital Gains Tax on legal tender gold coins and up to 40% tax relief if we use gold within a Self Investment Pension Plan (SIPP). We need to save more to pay for our retirement and make wise investments, diversify our portfolios, utilise SIPPs and last but not least be aware of the potential of gold to protect our wealth.

Maurice Hall

The worlds largest gold coin, the $1,000,000 Canadian Gold Maple Leaf was sold in Austria’s prestigious Dorotheum  auction house on Friday 25^th June for over 4 times its face value  at  the Friday gold spot price fetching €3.27million (£2.68 or $4.02).  The coin had been on display in a Vienna museum as part of its coin display, lent by an Austrian Investment group AvW who went into insolvency after the owner and CEO was arrested on suspicion of fraud and breaches of trust. The auction was ordered by the administrators and was acquired immediately through a written bid by a Spanish gold trading company Oro Direct based in Madrid. They now join an exclusive club of owners of the five coins produced including Queen Elizabeth, whose face is on the coin, unidentified investors in Dubai and another so reclusive that their whereabouts is unknown.

The coin weighs 100Kg of 99.999 percent pure gold, the purest on the market, and is 53cm (21 Inches) in diameter and 3 cm thick.  The coin was struck by the Royal Canadian Mint to gain entry into the Guinness book of records for the world’s largest gold coin. The record was previously held by the Austrian Mint who produced fifteen €100,000 coins weighing 31.1kg (1000 troy ounces) to celebrate the 15^th anniversary of their world famous Philharmonics coin.

The Royal Canadian Mint says it takes about 6 weeks to make each one of these huge coins, which are made through an extremely high quality casting process. The real reason they made these coins was to draw attention to the new “Five 9s” standard of purity for the regular Maple Leaf issues and the record was secondary The RCM is proud to be able to offer the “finest and purest gold coins in the world.” In fact, it was the RCM that set the “Four 9s” standard back in 1982, which many countries who issue gold bullion coins have caught up with, costing the RCM market share.

Whilst undoubtedly the coins were produced as a form of extremely expensive marketing and spectacle appeal they have been an extremely good investment as when launched in May 2007 the gold spot was around $660 and to day that has risen to around $1250 and as the coin weighs 3215 troy ounces I make that a profit of around £1.9 million in 3 years.  Over a period of financial crisis where the stock market dropped dramatically and  traditional saving cannot beat inflation the coin has done very well indeed, hammering home the message to preserve some of your wealth in gold.

Maurice Hall

The Gold Train is a mystery emanating from WWII but the almost mythical  status developed because of the secrecy particularly in the USA. In reality it is story of horror, mass murder, theft and greed not revealed until Bill Clinton created the Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the United States and had become a symbol of all that was lost by Holocaust victims

We begin in Hungary where prior to the war almost one fifth of the population was Jewish and had been integrated into the countries fabric. The government was increasingly sympathetic to fascism and gradually tightened laws against the Jews eventually the Arrow Cross party became the fascist government of Hungary. As the war went badly for Germany things got worse and with the Soviet Army only 100 miles from the border Hitler launched an invasion of Hungary in March 1944.

Until 1944 the Hungarian government had not cooperated with the Nazi but this all changed as the facist dominated government were eager and willing to collaborate and the SS saw the opportunity to continue their work of mass murder to solve the Jewish problem. Consequently the estimated population of 800,000 Jews were forced to hand overall of their valuables to government official including gems, gold, jewelry, gold coins, silver, wedding rings in fact anything of value. With typical efficiency everything was bagged, boxed and identified with receipt given to the owners.

After handing over their valuables the majority of Jews at a rate reaching 12,000 per day were shipped off to the concentration camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau where most never survived.  Meanwhile the Hungarian authorities resorted all the confiscated valuables into categories destroying the identification of the original owners but the inventory was fairly exact.

Car from the Gold Train

By December 1944 the Red Army were on the outskirts of Budapest and a decision was made to evacuate the Jewish booty and this was supervised by a Hungarian Árpád Toldi, the commissioner of Jewish affairs appointed by the SS. The valuables, estimated at around $5 billion in today’s terms, were packed into  a 42 car freight train that was designated for Germany. As the train moved slowly westwards through Hungary and Austria. Toldi bought off bands of marauding troops with small batches of loot but large amounts of gold and precious stones were off loaded into  trucks along the route and stories of Nazi gold  springing up all along the route ensured the  “Gold Train”  became one of the many myths of Nazi treasure.

However, the majority of the loot ended up in allied hands. Toldi  had two trucks loaded with valuables and they headed towards the French zone where they were seized by French troops at St. Anton. According to a report written by the Central Board of Jews in Hungary and referring to available reports at the time the trucks seized by French troops contained:

31    cases of gold

2        case of gold coins

3        cases of gold watches

8        cases of brilliants

2        cases of selected brilliants and Pearls

The French returned these valuable to Hungary but they did not reach the hands of any remaining owners or relations, but were mostly were stolen by the communists.

The Gold Train eventually fell into the hands of the United States Army nesr the town of Werfen in Austria in May 1945 and according to the Central board contained the following:

10              45kg cases of gold

1                100kg cases of gold coins

18              35kg case of gold jewels

32              30-60kg cases of gold watches

1560          cases of silver of different weights

1                case of silver bricks

1                trunk of currencies and brilliants

100            artistic picture

3000          Persian carpets

2                wagons of mixed valuable

American soldiers guarding the gold train

The Central Board of Jews and the Hungarian government were aware that the majority of the contents were in American custody and passionate pleas for them to return the valuables to Hungary, where they could be returned to their rightful owners or surviving family members, were continually ignored. Despite the clear country of origin ownership,  Americans decide that the contents were  ownerless property and that it should be sold for the benefit of non-repatriable  refugees who could be accessed through the International Refugee Organization (IRO). It is a matter of fact that some of the property from the train ended in the possession of high ranking US Army officers but the majority was sold off through US Army exchange stores in Europe and the remainder auctioned off in New York in 1948  with proceeds going to the IRO.  Approximately 200 paintings seized from the train should have been returned to Hungary but they came into possession of the Austrian government and disappeared to this day they have not surfaced.

As a result of Bill Clinton’s creation and subsequent freedom of information in 2001, there was a lawsuit against the United States government. This was filed by Hungarian Holocaust survivors in a Florida district Federal Court for the government’s mishandling of the assets on the Hungarian Gold Train. In 2005, the government reached a settlement worth $25.5 million. The money was allocated for distribution to various Jewish social service agencies for the benefit of Holocaust survivors. Hungarian Jewish survivors did not receive any money directly so justice was not seen to be done.

Árpád Toldi

There was gold, gold coin, jewelry and precious stone that did not end up in allied hands, spirited away by Toldi during the long  journey and the amount returned to Hungary, from the French. that was stolen by the communists and ended up in Russian hands.  The trail has disappeared  leaving many unanswered questions, the most important of which where is the gold now ?.

Toldi himself tried to enter Switzerland with a convoy of trucks but was turned away at the border. After hiding for some time in the French zone he gave himself up to the French authorities and led them to some bags of precious stones.  After a few months detention he was released and then disappeared. It is rumored that he lived under the protection of high ranking French officials but not substantiated.

This is a terrible story where thousands of people lost their lives and their wealth. Could it happen today, unlikely, but less unlikely is a family losing its wealth through crisis.   If a family were to put aside some of its wealth in the form of tangible assets in a safe haven, such as well documented vault in a stable country such as Switzerland, then there is a strong chance of surviving that crisis

Maurice Hall

Every culture or civilisation has a period termed its “golden age” and for India that was between the fourth and sixth century, the Gupta dynasty which covered most of modern India. The Guptas were prolific minters of gold coins and some of great beauty. The coins were named the dinara after the Roman denarius aureus- a reflection of Indian trading contacts with the West and the export of Roman coinage as bullion to India. However they were not a copy of Roman coins but completely Idianised and closely followed the concept of a universal monarch or ideal ruler. The original coins adopted the standard Roman weight of 8 grams but this was not very acceptable so the Guptas minted coins in a standard Indian weight called Suvarna around 9.2 grams. It must me remembered at this time the three world powers were the Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire from  modern day Iran and the third the Indian Empire under the Guptas

We are at a period of time where religion in India was at a crossroads and the Guptas  were said to be responsible for patronizing a new temple based religion recognized as Hinduism. However, Kamuragupta  ( AD415-455) still practiced ancient Vedic rituals

Commemorating King Kumaragupta's horse sacrifice

Normally gold coins would feature the king or ruler on the obverse of the coin but this coin of King Kumaragupta I features a magnificent tethered stallion ordained with banners and ribbons. It symbolises the ashvamedha ( horse sacrifice) the Vedic ritual of legitimizing the conquests of a honourable and pious king. The reverse features the queen with ritual instruments for the ceremony. The Sanskrit around the rim says “King Kamuragupta the supreme lord who has conquered his enemies”

The Ashvamedha could only be conducted by a king. Its object was the acquisition of power and glory, the sovereignty over neighbouring provinces, and general prosperity of the kingdom. This was immensely expensive and is usually only performed once in  a Kings life time.

The horse to be sacrificed must be a stallion, and it is ritually purified and the sacrificer whisper mantras into its ear. The horse is then set loose towards the North-East, to roam around wherever it chooses, for the period of one year. Anyone who should stop the horse is ritually cursed, and a dog is killed symbolic of the punishment for the sinners. If the horse wanders into neighbouring provinces hostile to the sacrificer, they must be subjugated. The wandering horse is attended by a hundred young men, sons of princes or high court officials, charged with guarding the horse from all dangers and inconvenience but manly to stop it mating thus keeping it pure.

Reverse with the queen and ceremonial instruments

After the return of the horse, more ceremonies are performed. It is and bathed and anointed with ghee by the chief queen and two other royal consorts. The chief queen anoints the fore-quarters, and the others the barrel and the hind-quarters. They also embellish the horse’s head, neck, and tail with golden ornaments.  The king performs the sacrifice with a golden Knife. It concludes with the eulogy “May this Steed bring us all-sustaining riches, wealth in good kine, good horses, manly offspring”

First Indian Coins

Based on the available evidence today, it appears that the concept coins as means of trading (money), was developed by three different civilizations independently and almost simultaneously. Coins were seen in Asia minor, India and China in 6th century BC. Most historians agree that the first coins of world were issued by Greeks living in Lydia and Ionia around 650 BC using Electrum a natural alloy of gold and silver . However some historians have suggested that coins were minted in India as long ago as the 8^th Century BC.

What is beyond doubt that the first coins of India were minted just before 5th century BC in central India. Archaeological evidence confirms that the Indians were minting coins between 5th to 6th century BC. Coins are also mentioned  in ancient literature from 500 BC.

The Indians love of gold continues to this day as the world number one consumer of the precious metal.

Maurice Hall

Grading is probably the most controversial and by far the most important area of coin collecting and there are almost no grading guides for world coins. Grading issues have caused disputes between buyers and sellers since collecting begun and will continue to do so for ever more. Grading coins accurately is a skill acquired in time and after looking at many similar/identical coins in all ranges of condition. Many coins fall in between grades, and so terms such as ‘nearly VF’, ‘good VF’, ‘gem BU’ are encountered. The numerical system (1 -70) popular in the USA is not common in Europe but it does allow greater flexibility within key grades. We should bear in mind that their grading system is more generous than that of the UK. E.g. the lower ranges of Almost Uncirculated ( AU50 – 57) allows for some wear which is not acceptable in the UK, so care is needed. There are also differences between European countries where FDC (Fleur De Coin) is used to describe an uncirculated coin but in the UK, FDC is a perfect coin that could only be attributed to the best of proofs and is equivalent to the to the top number on the American system (MS70) and is rarely found

We are not numismatists and our concern is only with gold and silver coins as an investment so the grade is not as critical as it is for a collector of rare coins. Nevertheless the condition of a coin is important and numismatists agree that in most cases the condition of the coin is more important than its rarity.

There are key grades and grades between these grades so it is often easier to start with buckets, Circulated, Almost Uncirculated and Uncirculated.

The coin should be graded on its weakest side, look for overall wear and loss of design detail such as strands of hair, feathers or coats of arms.  Detecting wear can be made more difficult where relief is low particularly applicable to coins of Edward VII and George V

Some tips for sovereigns

The majority of Sovereigns since 1820 contain Benedetto  Pistrucci’s fantastic engraving of St. George slaying the dragon and there are some high points that can indicate wear.  Look at the helmet above the eye this is the first place wear occurs, the strap across St George’s chest, the fingers on the hand, signs of wear on the reins, relief of the sword against the flank. This reverse covered a number of monarchs on the obverse. In general look for detail of the ears on males and hair on females.

Look at the example below of a 1918 Halfcrown. With examination under magnification the slightest rubbing can be seen on the ear, cheek and moustache. A very nice coin but not Uncirculated

1918 Halfcrown AU (About Uncirculated) American AU58-59

KEY GRADES

I have listed the Key grades below with some sample coins of various denominations to give an idea of grading but please remember this is subjective and maybe variable in the eyes of the expert who would examine with magnification.

Poor: A very worn coin but better than a smooth disc. Inscriptions worn off, date illegible, only outline of design visible. Such coins are generally of no value to a collector.

Fair: A heavily worn coin but date and denomination legible, type recognisable. Very little detail visible , worth no more than the metal value

Penny Fair American F2

Good (G): (sometimes Mediocre) Inscriptions and date considerably worn but legible. Generally worth no more than the metal value

Very Good (VG): Considerable wear over the whole coin, and high spots worn through. Coins in this or the previous grades are really only collectable if extremely rare and generally worth no more than the metal value

Fine (F): Worn over whole area, but only the highest spots are worn completely through. Some of the hair volume should be visable but not individual strands (US Grade about VF)

Farthing F (Fine) American F12-14

Very Fine (VF): Detail clear, but obvious evidence of limited circulation. High spots worn but detail remains. More hair detail is evident and also detail of other designs. Traces of mint lustre may linger amongst the letters of the inscription. (US Grade about XF)

Sixpence VF (Very Fine) American VF25-30

Extremely Fine (EF): A coin with little sign of being circulated. Slight wear on high spots on close inspection, and all other detail clear and sharp with minimal scratches and marks. Much mint lustre may remain. (US Grade about AU)

Half Penny EF(Extremly Fine) American XF40 - 44

Almost Uncirculated (AU): Not quite in Uncirculated condition could be down graded because of heavy bag marks, edge knocks or other undesirable feature but without the slight wear that determine it to be EF, would usually contain more than half of its mint luster.

Florin gEF (Good Extremly Fine) American AU About Uncirculated AU55

Uncirculated (UNC): No wear, although it is possible for the design not to be fully struck up in the minting process. Not perfect as there may be bag abrasions and knocks through mass production. The coin should have most of its mint luster present. Older coins may be tarnished or toned.

Shilling UNC ( Uncirculated) American MS60-62

Brilliant Uncirculated (BU): There will be no visible signs of wear or handling and ideally no bag marks.  Usually implies full mint lustre, in other words no toning or tarnish.

Half Penny BU (Brilliant Uncirculated) American MS67-69

FDC: (Fleur de Coin) Perfect mint state, with no abrasions or marks, and full lustre. Usually applied to proof coins only, as coins intended for circulation are in contact with others during production.

Penny FDC (Fleur De Coin) American MS70

Proof: Not a condition, but the coin has been struck using specially prepared dies and polished blanks, and the minting process has been carried out usually twice with extra pressure to ensure the die is filled. A characteristic of proof coins is that they have very sharp edges because of the high pressures used to ensure that the metal flows into all details of the design.

All the above photographs are by courtesy of Wybrit British Coins

The table below attempts to show in detail the Key Grades in bold and grades in between

Maurice Hall

TG-Gold-Super-Markt, a company based in Reutlingen, southwestern Germany, has developed a machine to dispense pieces of gold as small as one gram.

A prototype was launched in the summer of 2009 in Frankfurt Airport where many passengers queued to buy one gram, 5 gram or 10 gram bars. The machine was linked to the internet to update the gold value every few minutes to provide the lowest possible price The idea is to undersell the small group of banks and dealers who dominate the gold market in Germany  and make it convenient for anyone to transfer Euros into tangible gold

CEO Thomas Geissler announced then that they would be ready to delivery the first commercial machines in a few month time to potential buyers in Asia, the Middle East, Britain and the U.S. He said he came up with the idea of gold dispensers in 2008 and was  convinced by a heightened interest in gold as a hedge against inflation as the financial crisis rippled around the globe.

“People do not believe that the worldwide financial changes will have a good end,” Geissler said. “So I say give the people what they like to buy.”

Gold to Go vending machine

The demand in Frankfurt was brisk enough to install a more sophisticated machine in the lobby of Abu Dhabi’s emirate Palace hotel. The exterior of the machine is coated with a thin layer of 24-carat gold. Customers using the unusual ATM can choose from many items, including gold customized with logos.

One,five and ten gram gold bars were available and other options including a Maple Leaf Five Canadian dollar coin and a Kangaroo Fifteen Australian dollar coin. Both represent about one tenth of an ounce of gold and the price is updated in real time based on the gold value.

The margins are lower than those offered by banks but fluctuate at about 20 per cent higher than market prices.

The vending machines are easy to use and a virtually burglar and tamper proof and can be adapted to produce personalized logos

The company’s business plan is to install up to 200 gold ATMs world wide.

Maurice hall

We are well aware of France as the leading gold hoarder in Europe both in the central bank with second highest reserve and by private citizens who are reputed to have over 3000 tonnes in private hands. French gold is mainly in the form of gold Napoleons widely distributed as safe haven for family wealth. Whereas Italy is a consumer of gold whose jewellery industry is the world’s leader a tradition that goes back to Roman times; but they are not lacking in gold reserves either.  It is certainly worth exploring the Italian gold situation.

Central banks

The gold bullion stored beneath Rome’s Palazzo Koch stands at 2,451.8 tonnes, the fourth  largest central bank hoard in the world, just behind France as third in Europe. It has been unchanged at 2,451.8 tonnes for the last 11 years or more making Italy the only Eurozone nation not to sell any of its gold reserves since 1998. It’s also the only signatory to the Central Bank Gold Agreements of 1999 and 2004 not to sell any gold either. Italy’s fellow CBGA signatories, in contrast, have shrunk their gold reserves by more than one quarter on average.

Central Bank Holdings

Country                      Tonnes

USA                            8133.5

Germany                     3412.6

IMF                             3217.3

France                         2487.1

Italy                            2451.8

Gold Jewellery

Italy has a large jewellery industry contributing to a considerable portion of Italy’s economy and is located in the regions of Veneto, Toscana, Lombardia, Lazio and Piedmont. About 45,000 workers engaged in this sector and there are two major clusters located in Vicenza and Arezzo where there are over 2500 companies employing around 22,000 workers.

Fine Italian gold jewellery in both its handmade and mass manufactured designs generally continues to hold the lead in customer appeal for a variety of styles and products. Many Italian gold designs reflect hundreds of years of influence while still appealing to those who value trendy style, romance and quality. The country remains as largest producer of gold jewellery in the world and its exquisite designs date back to the fifth century. Over 400 tons of the precious metal a year is processed and shaped into beautiful bracelets, necklaces, earrings, rings, medallions, broaches and other items that are worn with pride by both men and women in every corner of the globe.

The home of the country’s first goldsmith organization is in Vicenza and dates back to the early 1300’s. From that time until the present, artisans have passed the trade down to subsequent generations. The city is also known to produce the best machinery for producing precious metal chains used in some of the finest pieces world wide. Combining machinery and handcrafted techniques, a goldsmith may produce only approximately 12 inches a day of chain to be later fashioned into necklaces or other finished pieces.

This technique takes years to learn and goldsmiths who achieve success in the art of chain production in Vicenza produce products that are adored by many jewelry connoisseurs.

Italy has faced substantial competition from lower-cost manufacturing centers in China, Turkey and India in recent years and its fabrication has declined. Its domestic market has suffered too as consumers, against the background of a sluggish economy and increased competition.

Despite this, Italy remains the undisputed leader of fashionable and high quality jewellery design and the city of Vicenza hosts the leading trade fair each year. This is not a position of complacency  as Turkey has the skill, a growing market is determined to overtake Italy  While demand for basic products is declining, that for more innovative and high quality pieces is now showing healthy growth.

Vincenza Oro’s fair for yellow gold remains a high selling point, and this year’s fair paid tribute to the market with Gold Expressions, a collaboration between the World Gold Council, the Vincenza fair, and sixty-nine premier Italian goldsmiths. The exhibit featured new and creative works (almost all in yellow gold) by the goldsmith artists invited to participate. The works are now scheduled to tour the China, the Middle East, and the United States as part of an international marketing campaign

The sector is coming from a very long and deep recession. The demand for gold and jewellery in 2009 recorded a steep fall of about 18% at world level with very marked downturns in the United States (-17%), in the Arab countries and in Europe. The sole sign of solidity came from the Chinese market where there was a 12% increase in the demand for gold and 8% growth in jewellery.
The forecasts indicate a market recovery for 2010, the scale of which will however be linked to the performance of the economy in the various parts of the world.

Gold Expressions is a collaboration between the World Gold Council, the Vincenza fair, and sixty-nine premier Italian goldsmiths. The  tour of China, India, the Middle East, and the United States as part of an international marketing campaign was successful particularly in the worlds greatest market, India, where the quality has attracted the new rich Indians.

Italian Gold Coins

20 Lire Victor Emanual

Italy for a large period of time was in the form of a number of states with different governing bodies, because of which various kinds of coins as currency were used. However, “fiorino d’oro” or the gold coins of the republic of Florence were probably the first European coin to be made and used in larger quantities. The time of the birth of the first Italian gold coin is estimated to around 1252. This gold coin had approximately 3.5 grams of gold content. Apart from fiorino d’oro, many other famous gold coins used as currency were ducat, scudo d’oro and sovranos. Italy began using the currency Lire from 1861 and were in production until 1940. The most readily available of modern Italian gold coins is the 20 lire of Victor Emanuel and Umberto 1

Italian Gold Coins as a safe haven

The Italian gold coins have now attained the status of being a collectors’ item. People buy and sell these coins and investors take them as safe investments because of rising prices of gold. Whilst the economy of Italy is not in such a dangerous state as Greece, it is incorporated in the Southern European euro demise.  An Economy Ministry document trimmed the forecast for 2010 gross domestic product growth to 1.0 percent from 1.1 percent and slashed the 2011 forecast to 1.5 percent from 2.0 percent. As fears grew of contagion from Greece’s debt crisis to other euro zone countries, Rome raised its public debt forecast to 118.4 percent of GDP this year, up from a forecast of 116.9 percent made in January. The 2011 forecast was hiked to 118.7 percent from 116.5 percent and 2012 raised to 117.2 percent from 114.6 percent.

In times of impending crisis families who understand the situation will try and protect their wealth in intangible gold.

Maurice Hall